Publication

Revisiting the quest for a universal log-law and the role of pressure gradient in "canonical" wall-bounded turbulent flows

Peter Monkewitz
2017
Journal paper
Abstract

The trinity of so-called "canonical" wall-bounded turbulent flows, comprising the zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer, abbreviated ZPG TBL, turbulent pipe flow, and channel/duct flows has continued to receive intense attention as new and more reliable experimental data have become available. Nevertheless, the debate on whether the logarithmic part of the mean velocity profile, in particular the Karman constant kappa, is identical for these three canonical flows or flow-dependent is still ongoing. In this paper, the asymptotic matching requirement of equal. in the logarithmic overlap layer, which links the inner and outer flow regions, and in the expression for the centerline/free-stream velocity is reiterated and shown to preclude a universal logarithmic overlap layer in the three canonical flows. However, the majority of pipe and channel flowstudies at friction Reynolds numbers Re-tau below approximate to 10(4) extract from near-wall profiles the same kappa of 0.38-0.39 as in the ZPG TBL. This apparent contradiction is resolved by a careful reanalysis of high-quality mean velocity profiles in the Princeton "Superpipe" and other pipes, channels, and ducts, which shows that the mean velocity in a near-wall region extending to around 700 "+" units in channels and ducts and 500 "+" units in pipes is the same as in the ZPG TBL. In other words, all the "canonical" flow profiles contain the lower end of the ZPG TBL log-region, which starts at a wall distance of 150-200 "+" units with a universal kappa of kappa(ZPG) approximate to 0.384. This interior log-region is followed by a second logarithmic region with a flow specific. > kappa(ZPG), which increases monotonically with pressure gradient. This second, exterior log-layer is the actual overlap layer matching up to the outer expansion, which implies equality of the exterior. and kappa(CL) obtained from the evolution of the respective centerline velocity with Reynolds number. The location of the switch-over point implies furthermore that this second log-layer only becomes clearly identifiable, i.e., separated from the wake region, for Re-tau well beyond 10(4) (see Fig. 1). This explains the discrepancies between the Karman constants of 0.38-0.39, extracted from near-wall pipe profiles below Re-tau approximate to 10(4) and the kappa's obtained from the evolution of the centerline velocity with Reynolds number. The same analysis is successfully applied to velocity profiles in channels and ducts even though experiments and numerical simulations have not yet reached Reynolds numbers where the different layers have even started to clearly separate.

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Reynolds number
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity that helps predict fluid flow patterns in different situations by measuring the ratio between inertial and viscous forces. At low Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, while at high Reynolds numbers, flows tend to be turbulent. The turbulence results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may sometimes intersect or even move counter to the overall direction of the flow (eddy currents).
Boundary layer
In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is the thin layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface formed by the fluid flowing along the surface. The fluid's interaction with the wall induces a no-slip boundary condition (zero velocity at the wall). The flow velocity then monotonically increases above the surface until it returns to the bulk flow velocity. The thin layer consisting of fluid whose velocity has not yet returned to the bulk flow velocity is called the velocity boundary layer.
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