A Navigation Framework for Multiple Mobile Robots and its Application at the Expo.02 Exhibition

This paper presents a navigation framework which enables multiple mobile robots to attain individual goals, coordinate their actions and work safely and reliably in a highly dynamic environment. We give an overview of the framework architecture, its layering and the subsystems reactive obstacle avoidance, local path planning, global path planning, multi-robot planning and localization. The latter receives particular attention as the localization problem is a key issue for navigation in unmodified and difficult environments. The framework permits a lightweight implementation on a fully autonomous robot. This is the result of a design effort striving for compact representations and computational efficiency. The experimental testbed was the ТRoboticsУ pavilion at the Swiss National Exhibition Expo.02 where ten fully autonomous robots were interacting with more than half a million visitors during a five-month period on 3,316 km.

Improving the Expressiveness of Mobile Robots

Björn Jensen, Roland Siegwart

RoboX is a tour guide robot, designed to interact with visitors at Expo02, the Swiss National Exhibition. During five months, ten RoboXs will be in contact with people not trained to autonomous robots and will guide them throughout an exhibition about robotics. The work exposed here was dedicated to make RoboX lifelike and credible in implementing an expression generator. This generator uses the robot capacities in order to best express its internal state which is influenced by its sensor entries and the scenario of the guided tour. In order to validate our approach, a short experiment was set up in order to present results that include appreciations of people not used to robots.

2002

Conception de structures neuronales pour le contrôle de robots mobiles autonomes

Francesco Mondada

There is a large number of possible applications in the field of mobile robotics: Mail delivery robots, domestic or industrial vacuum cleaners, surveillance robots, demining robots and many others could be very interesting products. Despite this potential market and the actual technology, only few simple systems are commercially available. This proves that there are several important and problematic issues in this field, mainly at the intelligence level. As a reaction to the failure of the classical artificial intelligence applied to the field of mobile robotics, several new approaches have been proposed. Artificial neural networks are one of these, and genetic algorithms, supported by the Artificial Life trend, are also getting more and more consideration. These two techniques have already been applied to mobile robotics, but mainly in simulation, and without a final test on a real mobile robot. The use of physical robots for this research seems to be still problematic due to the lack of efficient tools. Several neural structures for the control of mobile robots have been analysed in this work. All experiences have been carried out on physical robots. To reach this goal, an important effort has been made in order to design new efficient robotic tools. Together with Edo Franzi, André Guignard and Yves Cheneval, we have developed and built hardware and software tools that make an efficient research work possible. Along with several analysis software tools, the mobile robot Khepera has been a result of this development. Using this equipment, six experiences have been carried out, covering a large spectrum of the possible ways neural networks can be used for the control of mobile robots. These experiments have nevertheless been restricted to simple behaviours and small neural networks. The first two experiments show, with a very simple and manually adjusted behaviour, the important role of the interaction of the robot with its environment. The first experiment is based on a collective behaviour, the second on a collaborative one. The adaptation of the robot to the environment is introduced in the third experiment, in which a learning technique is applied. The result is a robot able to learn how to use visual stimuli to avoid particular obstacles. Despite its interesting results, this approach has turned out to be very limited, due to the rigid structure needed. The last three experiments demonstrate the possibilities of the use of genetic algorithms, which proved to be a very flexible adaptation mechanism. The first of these three experiments tests the feasibility of this approach. The second one takes advantage of the characteristics of genetic algorithms to achieve more complex behaviours. Finally, genetic algorithms and learning techniques are associated in the last experiment, showing a high adaptive structure. An important effort has been made to show both advantages and disadvantages of each technique, in order to provide the necessary elements for the continuation of this research activity.

EPFL1997

Topological SLAM

Adriana Tapus

This thesis is about topological navigation, more precisely about space representation, perception, localization and mapping. All these elements are needed in order to obtain a robust and reliable framework for navigation. This is essential in order to move in an environment, manipulate objects in it and avoid collisions. The method proposed in this dissertation is suitable for fully autonomous mobile robots, operating in structured indoor and outdoor environments. High robustness is necessary to obtain a distinctive and reliable representation of the environment. This can be obtained by combining the information acquired by several sensors with complementary characteristics. A multimodal perception system that includes the wheel encoders for odometry and two extereoceptive sensors composed of a laser range finder that gives a 360° view of the environment and an omnidirectional camera are used in this work. Significant, robust and stable features are extracted from sensory data. The different features extracted from the extereoceptive sensors (i.e. corners, vertical edges, color patches, etc.) are fused and combined into a single, circular, and distinctive space representation named the fingerprint of a place. This representation is adapted for topological navigation and is the foundation for the whole dissertation. One of the major tasks of a mobile robot is localization. Different topological localization approaches based on the fingerprint concept are presented in this dissertation. Localization on a fingerprint-based representation is reduced to a problem of fingerprint matching. Two of these methods make use of the Bayesian Programming (BP) formalism and two others are based on dynamic programming. They also show how multimodal perception increases the reliability of topological localization for mobile robots. In order to autonomously acquire and create maps, robots have to explore their environment. Several exploration tools for indoor environments are presented: wall following, mid-line following, center of free space of a room, door detection, and environment structure identification. An automatic and incremental topological mapping system based on fingerprints of places and a global localizer using Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) are proposed. The construction of a topological mapping system is combined with localization, both relying on fingerprints of places, in order to perform Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). This enables navigation of an autonomous mobile robot in a structured environment without relying on maps given a priori, without using artificial landmarks and by employing a semantic spatial representation that allows a more natural interface between humans and robots. The fingerprint approach, combining the information from all sensors available to the robot, reduces perceptual aliasing and improves the distinctiveness of places. This fingerprint-based approach yields a consistent and distinctive representation of the environment and is extensible in that it permits spatial cognition beyond just pure navigation. All these methodologies have been validated through experiments. Indoor and outdoor experiments have been conducted over a distance exceeding 2 km. The fingerprints of places proved to provide a compact and distinctive methodology for space representation and place recognition – they permit encoding of a huge amount of placerelated information in a single circular sequence of features. The experiments have verified the efficacy and reliability of this approach.