Miraex

Description

Miraex is a Swiss startup specializing in photonic sensing and distributed quantum computing solutions. Their technology revolves around the use of photons (light) in fiber optic sensors, making them safe and operational in harsh environments. By integrating optics and micro-systems, Miraex can downsize bulky components onto a millimeter-scale using traditional semiconductor fabrication techniques. Their photonic sensors enable real-time monitoring of critical assets and processes, providing digital data and alerts directly to the user's systems. Additionally, Miraex develops quantum transducers and converters to connect the microwave and optical domain at the quantum level, facilitating distributed quantum computing and sensing of low-energy signals.

Official source

https://www.miraex.com

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Photonic integrated circuit

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) or integrated optical circuit is a microchip containing two or more photonic components which form a functioning circuit. This technology detects, generates, transports, and processes light. Photonic integrated circuits utilize photons (or particles of light) as opposed to electrons that are utilized by electronic integrated circuits. The major difference between the two is that a photonic integrated circuit provides functions for information signals imposed on optical wavelengths typically in the visible spectrum or near infrared (850–1650 nm).

Photonic crystal

A photonic crystal is an optical nanostructure in which the refractive index changes periodically. This affects the propagation of light in the same way that the structure of natural crystals gives rise to X-ray diffraction and that the atomic lattices (crystal structure) of semiconductors affect their conductivity of electrons. Photonic crystals occur in nature in the form of structural coloration and animal reflectors, and, as artificially produced, promise to be useful in a range of applications.

Photonics

Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Photonics is closely related to quantum electronics, where quantum electronics deals with the theoretical part of it while photonics deal with its engineering applications. Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole spectrum, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-infrared light.

Energy level

A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy, called energy levels. This contrasts with classical particles, which can have any amount of energy. The term is commonly used for the energy levels of the electrons in atoms, ions, or molecules, which are bound by the electric field of the nucleus, but can also refer to energy levels of nuclei or vibrational or rotational energy levels in molecules.

Principal quantum number

In quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (symbolized n) is one of four quantum numbers assigned to each electron in an atom to describe that electron's state. Its values are natural numbers (from 1) making it a discrete variable. Apart from the principal quantum number, the other quantum numbers for bound electrons are the azimuthal quantum number l, the magnetic quantum number ml, and the spin quantum number s. As n increases, the electron is also at a higher energy and is, therefore, less tightly bound to the nucleus.

Ultra low quantum decoherence nano-optomechanical systems

Mohammadjafar Bereyhi

Thermal motion of a room-temperature mechanical resonator typically dominates the quantum backaction of its position measurement. This is a longstanding barrier for exploring cavity optomechanics at room temperature. In order to enter the quantum regime of the optomechanical interaction, we need to be in the "backaction-dominated" regime, where we can study the limits of quantum measurement and how to circumvent them. To create a system which can enter the quantum regime, the optomechanical transducer has to satisfy certain criteria. A quantum-enabled optomechanical system consists of an optical cavity and a mechanical resonator with ultra low quantum decoherence, which are strongly coupled to each other via the optomechanical interaction.High stress silicon nitride has enabled nanomechanical resonators with exceptionally low dissipation at room temperature via several soft-clamping techniques. Achieving high optomechanical coupling to these coherent nanobeams results in high optomechanical cooperativities, thus alleviating the thermal motion barrier for room temperature quantum optomechanics. Monolithic integration of high-Q nanobeam resonators with optical cavities has been limited to doubly-clamped nanobeams due to the complexity of the device fabrication and long device sizes required for conventional soft-clamping using phononic crystals. In addition, the previous demonstrations of such systems showed limited optomechanical couplings thus a limited single photon cooperativity.I present the design, fabrication and characterization of three different classes of nanomechanical resonators clamp-tapered, fractal-like, and polygon resonators, which support perimeter modes, with Q factors exceeding 3 billion at room temperature and their optical readout using an integrated nearfield nano-optomechanical transducer using high stress silicon nitride. Our transducer features a one-dimensional Fabry-Perot optical cavity integrated with a high-Q nanomechanical resonator. The Fabry-Perot optical cavity is formed by patterning two photonic crystal reflectors on a silicon nitride waveguide designed for high-Q optical modes. Our approach allows individual optimization of optical and mechanical resonators, while maintaining a high optomechanical coupling rate due to large optomechanical mode overlap. Our best performing devices show on-chip optomechanical transducers with single photon cooperativities as high as 123 with mechanical quality factor of 120 million at room temperature. The developed system is of great interest to the optomechanics and sensing community. In quantum optomechanics, it will serve as a platform for quantum feedback control of the nanomechanical resonators to achieve motional ground state of a macroscopic resonator and generation of squeezed light at room temperature. Owing to their record value mechanical quality factors, the room temperature force sensitivity of our highest Q perimeter modes is on par with atomic force microscopy cantilevers at millikelvin temperature.Complete documentation of a nanofabrication process is the key to its reproducibility. Process-specific details of the fabrication techniques are usually missing in journal publications. To bridge this gap, I developed NanoFab-net.org. An online open-access tool that allows sharing process-specific fabrication reports, extracting the metadata and obtaining a unique digital object identifier (DOI) for each report.

EPFL2022

Quantum Integrated Photonics (QIP) harnesses quantum-states of light on tiny chips, from generation to processing and eventual detection. Within this context, this thesis explores functional QIP elements resulting from the monolithic integration of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in tailored photonic crystal systems of coupled cavities and waveguides. QDs present atom-like optical and electronic properties, which make them ideal for a deterministic, on-demand generation of single photons. Such QD-based devices can be expected to provide solutions for applications of QIP in quantum computing, communication and metrology. Here, we exploit the pyramidal site-controlled QD technology to reproducibly fabricate quantum photonic elements in which an arbitrary number of QD quantum emitters are embedded in photonic crystal (PhC) structures with alignment precision better than 50nm. Systematic investigation of reference structures with dense arrays of QDs to observe optical mode structures, and identical structures with only a few QDs for selective excitation and coupling to prescribed modes, is conducted using spatially-resolved micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy. Observations are consolidated by quantitative comparisons to 2D FDM numerical simulations. First, defect-potential PhC cavities are made by precise transverse shifts of selected holes in a PhC defect waveguide. In these structures, defect modes confined by a local mismatch in the photonic dispersion are observed, with peculiar polarization signatures. The fundamental defect modes display quality factors and mode volumes on par with conventional Ln=3 cavities. Defect modes can be selectively excited, and weak coupling of a single QD to cavity modes is demonstrated using thermal tuning. Next, tilted-potential PhC cavities supporting Airy-Bloch photonic modes are realized by staggered shifts of holes from 0 to smax along the axis. Such modes are suitable for local interaction and extraction of single photons from site-controlled QDs and their transmission to remote locations. Selective excitation of several modes with properly positioned QDs is demonstrated. Weak coupling of a QD to a single mode is achieved by thermal tuning, showing features of Purcell effect. The quasi linear energy-position dispersion of the Airy-Bloch modes maxima provides a mean for constructing an efficient wavelength-multiplexed single-photon injector. Finally, a monolithic model structure, consisting of two PhC waveguides side-coupled to a center Ln=3 cavity, with four ports connected to suspended nanobeams and grating couplers for light extraction/injection, is fabricated and tested. Five QDs are embedded in specific positions; four can act as on-chip single photon sources while the fifth, embedded in the center cavity, could be used for photon processing functions. The quasi-resonant excitation of this fifth QD via its p-shell is demonstrated using a pump laser beam that is injected into a waveguide through the grating coupler. Part of the s-shell emission is coupled to another targeted optical channel, demonstrating a complete photonic connectivity of all elements, a fundamental requirement towards on-chip processing. The results of this thesis consolidate the assets of the site-controlled pyramidal QD technology and tailored PhC confinement towards the realization of functional elements for quantum integrated photonics circuits.

EPFL2020

Diamond is an exceptional material - hard, stiff, transparent, which makes it ideal for the fabrication of optical and mechanical systems that take advantage of these properties. Diamond is not only "better", but it offers the possibility of integrating bright colour centres. These optically active defects can be exploited for a variety of applications, including the study of fundamental science, magnetometry, biosensing and new types of lasers. Despite the attractive properties of diamond for optics, no standard platform exists to create photonic circuits and devices. This thesis shows the realisation of a diamond-on-insulator photonics platform, that aims to combine the versatility of the silicon-on-insulator photonics with the capability of performing diamond science in single crystal guided-wave devices. The diamond-on-insulator substrate is achieved via ion implantation-based cut of a single crystal membrane and bonding of the membrane to an insulator layer. This approach provides a monolithic fabrication process that scales to commercial exploitation, bringing convenient access to the study of diamond light-matter interactions without requiring custom substrate fabrication. Furthermore, the possibility of releasing the diamond devices adds access to freestanding structures, opening the way to diamond micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems and optomechanics. Diamond also makes an excellent microoptics substrate, due to its high laser damage threshold, transparency and high refractive index, which is an attractive combination for high-power, compact optical systems operating in the UV, visible and near-infrared. Different diamond etching techniques are developed and investigated in this thesis, that enable the realisation of unique features. These techniques are employed to create diamond diffractive microoptical components, which are then characterised, showing high-quality surfaces that closely match the designed features, indicating reliable fabrication and resulting in excellent optical performance. These devices have applications in high power beamsplitters, beam shapers and compact spectrometers.

EPFL2019

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises ions, neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, it can be assumed that the term atom includes ions.

A quantum computer is a computer that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena. At small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves, and quantum computing leverages this behavior, specifically quantum superposition and entanglement, using specialized hardware that supports the preparation and manipulation of quantum states. Classical physics cannot explain the operation of these quantum devices, and a scalable quantum computer could perform some calculations exponentially faster than any modern "classical" computer.