Steenrod algebraIn algebraic topology, a Steenrod algebra was defined by to be the algebra of stable cohomology operations for mod cohomology. For a given prime number , the Steenrod algebra is the graded Hopf algebra over the field of order , consisting of all stable cohomology operations for mod cohomology. It is generated by the Steenrod squares introduced by for , and by the Steenrod reduced th powers introduced in and the Bockstein homomorphism for . The term "Steenrod algebra" is also sometimes used for the algebra of cohomology operations of a generalized cohomology theory.
Cellular approximation theoremIn algebraic topology, the cellular approximation theorem states that a map between CW-complexes can always be taken to be of a specific type. Concretely, if X and Y are CW-complexes, and f : X → Y is a continuous map, then f is said to be cellular, if f takes the n-skeleton of X to the n-skeleton of Y for all n, i.e. if for all n. The content of the cellular approximation theorem is then that any continuous map f : X → Y between CW-complexes X and Y is homotopic to a cellular map, and if f is already cellular on a subcomplex A of X, then we can furthermore choose the homotopy to be stationary on A.
Fibré normalEn géométrie différentielle, le fibré normal d’une sous-variété différentielle est un fibré vectoriel orthogonal au fibré tangent de la sous-variété dans celui de la variété ambiante. La définition s’étend au cas d’une immersion d’une variété différentielle dans une autre. Elle s’étend aussi plus généralement en topologie différentielle comme un fibré supplémentaire au fibré tangent de la sous-variété.
Equivariant cohomologyIn mathematics, equivariant cohomology (or Borel cohomology) is a cohomology theory from algebraic topology which applies to topological spaces with a group action. It can be viewed as a common generalization of group cohomology and an ordinary cohomology theory. Specifically, the equivariant cohomology ring of a space with action of a topological group is defined as the ordinary cohomology ring with coefficient ring of the homotopy quotient : If is the trivial group, this is the ordinary cohomology ring of , whereas if is contractible, it reduces to the cohomology ring of the classifying space (that is, the group cohomology of when G is finite.
Étale fundamental groupThe étale or algebraic fundamental group is an analogue in algebraic geometry, for schemes, of the usual fundamental group of topological spaces. In algebraic topology, the fundamental group of a pointed topological space is defined as the group of homotopy classes of loops based at . This definition works well for spaces such as real and complex manifolds, but gives undesirable results for an algebraic variety with the Zariski topology.
Persistent homologySee homology for an introduction to the notation. Persistent homology is a method for computing topological features of a space at different spatial resolutions. More persistent features are detected over a wide range of spatial scales and are deemed more likely to represent true features of the underlying space rather than artifacts of sampling, noise, or particular choice of parameters. To find the persistent homology of a space, the space must first be represented as a simplicial complex.
Reduced homologyIn mathematics, reduced homology is a minor modification made to homology theory in algebraic topology, motivated by the intuition that all of the homology groups of a single point should be equal to zero. This modification allows more concise statements to be made (as in Alexander duality) and eliminates many exceptional cases (as in the homology groups of spheres). If P is a single-point space, then with the usual definitions the integral homology group H0(P) is isomorphic to (an infinite cyclic group), while for i ≥ 1 we have Hi(P) = {0}.
Georges de RhamGeorges de Rham (né le à Roche (Vaud) et mort le à Lausanne) est un mathématicien et alpiniste suisse connu pour ses contributions à la topologie différentielle. Originaire de Giez (Vaud), fils de Léon, ingénieur, et de Marie, née Dupasquier, il obtient son bachot au gymnase classique de Lausanne (1921), est licencié en sciences de l'université de Lausanne (1925) et docteur en mathématiques de la faculté des sciences de Paris, où il a Elie Cartan comme directeur de thèse (1931).
Propriété de prolongement des homotopiesEn mathématiques, et plus précisément en topologie algébrique, la propriété de prolongement des homotopies (ou d'extension des homotopies) indique quelles homotopies définies sur un sous-espace peuvent être étendues à une homotopie définie sur un espace plus grand. La propriété d'extension des homotopies des cofibrations est le dual de la propriété de relèvement des homotopies qui est utilisée pour définir les fibrations. Soit un espace topologique, et soit .
Classification theoremIn mathematics, a classification theorem answers the classification problem "What are the objects of a given type, up to some equivalence?". It gives a non-redundant enumeration: each object is equivalent to exactly one class. A few issues related to classification are the following. The equivalence problem is "given two objects, determine if they are equivalent". A complete set of invariants, together with which invariants are solves the classification problem, and is often a step in solving it.
