Order theoryOrder theory is a branch of mathematics that investigates the intuitive notion of order using binary relations. It provides a formal framework for describing statements such as "this is less than that" or "this precedes that". This article introduces the field and provides basic definitions. A list of order-theoretic terms can be found in the order theory glossary. Orders are everywhere in mathematics and related fields like computer science. The first order often discussed in primary school is the standard order on the natural numbers e.
Treillis (ensemble ordonné)En mathématiques, un treillis () est une des structures algébriques utilisées en algèbre générale. C'est un ensemble partiellement ordonné dans lequel chaque paire d'éléments admet une borne supérieure et une borne inférieure. Un treillis peut être vu comme le treillis de Galois d'une relation binaire. Il existe en réalité deux définitions équivalentes du treillis, une concernant la relation d'ordre citée précédemment, l'autre algébrique. Tout ensemble muni d'une relation d'ordre total est un treillis.
Idéal (théorie des ordres)En mathématiques, un idéal au sens de la théorie des ordres est un sous-ensemble particulier d'un ensemble ordonné. Bien qu'à l'origine ce terme soit issu de la notion algébrique d'idéal d'un anneau, il a été généralisé en une notion distincte. Les idéaux interviennent dans beaucoup de constructions en théorie des ordres, en particulier des treillis. Un idéal d'un ensemble ordonné (E, ≤) est une partie non vide I de E telle que : I est une section commençante, c'est-à-dire que tout minorant d'un élément de I appartient à I ; I est un ensemble ordonné filtrant, c'est-à-dire que deux éléments quelconques de I possèdent toujours un majorant commun dans I.
Distributivity (order theory)In the mathematical area of order theory, there are various notions of the common concept of distributivity, applied to the formation of suprema and infima. Most of these apply to partially ordered sets that are at least lattices, but the concept can in fact reasonably be generalized to semilattices as well. Probably the most common type of distributivity is the one defined for lattices, where the formation of binary suprema and infima provide the total operations of join () and meet ().
Duality (order theory)In the mathematical area of order theory, every partially ordered set P gives rise to a dual (or opposite) partially ordered set which is often denoted by Pop or Pd. This dual order Pop is defined to be the same set, but with the inverse order, i.e. x ≤ y holds in Pop if and only if y ≤ x holds in P. It is easy to see that this construction, which can be depicted by flipping the Hasse diagram for P upside down, will indeed yield a partially ordered set. In a broader sense, two partially ordered sets are also said to be duals if they are dually isomorphic, i.
Completeness (order theory)In the mathematical area of order theory, completeness properties assert the existence of certain infima or suprema of a given partially ordered set (poset). The most familiar example is the completeness of the real numbers. A special use of the term refers to complete partial orders or complete lattices. However, many other interesting notions of completeness exist. The motivation for considering completeness properties derives from the great importance of suprema (least upper bounds, joins, "") and infima (greatest lower bounds, meets, "") to the theory of partial orders.
SemilatticeIn mathematics, a join-semilattice (or upper semilattice) is a partially ordered set that has a join (a least upper bound) for any nonempty finite subset. Dually, a meet-semilattice (or lower semilattice) is a partially ordered set which has a meet (or greatest lower bound) for any nonempty finite subset. Every join-semilattice is a meet-semilattice in the inverse order and vice versa.
Distributive latticeIn mathematics, a distributive lattice is a lattice in which the operations of join and meet distribute over each other. The prototypical examples of such structures are collections of sets for which the lattice operations can be given by set union and intersection. Indeed, these lattices of sets describe the scenery completely: every distributive lattice is—up to isomorphism—given as such a lattice of sets. As in the case of arbitrary lattices, one can choose to consider a distributive lattice L either as a structure of order theory or of universal algebra.
Complete Heyting algebraIn mathematics, especially in order theory, a complete Heyting algebra is a Heyting algebra that is complete as a lattice. Complete Heyting algebras are the of three different ; the category CHey, the category Loc of locales, and its , the category Frm of frames. Although these three categories contain the same objects, they differ in their morphisms, and thus get distinct names. Only the morphisms of CHey are homomorphisms of complete Heyting algebras.
Algèbre de HeytingEn mathématiques, une algèbre de Heyting est une structure algébrique introduite en 1930 par le mathématicien néerlandais Arend Heyting pour rendre compte formellement de la logique intuitionniste de Brouwer, alors récemment développée. Les algèbres de Heyting sont donc pour la logique intuitionniste analogue à ce que sont des algèbres de Boole pour la logique classique : un modèle formel permettant d'en fixer les propriétés.
