Principe de complémentaritéEn physique, le principe de complémentarité formulé par Niels Bohr en 1927 est un énoncé relevant de l'interprétation de la mécanique quantique qui vise à expliquer la dualité onde-corpuscule et le principe d'indétermination de Werner Heisenberg. Il consiste à dire que les comportements corpusculaires et ondulatoires qui cohabitent dans les phénomènes quantiques, ainsi que les paires de propriétés incompatibles de par le principe d'indétermination sont en fait des aspects complémentaires d'une même réalité.
Large extra dimensionsIn particle physics and string theory (M-theory), the ADD model, also known as the model with large extra dimensions (LED), is a model framework that attempts to solve the hierarchy problem. (Why is the force of gravity so weak compared to the electromagnetic force and the other fundamental forces?) The model tries to explain this problem by postulating that our universe, with its four dimensions (three spatial ones plus time), exists on a membrane in a higher dimensional space.
Cavity quantum electrodynamicsCavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) is the study of the interaction between light confined in a reflective cavity and atoms or other particles, under conditions where the quantum nature of photons is significant. It could in principle be used to construct a quantum computer. The case of a single 2-level atom in the cavity is mathematically described by the Jaynes–Cummings model, and undergoes vacuum Rabi oscillations , that is between an excited atom and photons, and a ground state atom and photons.
Non-perturbativeIn mathematics and physics, a non-perturbative function or process is one that cannot be described by perturbation theory. An example is the function which does not have a Taylor series at x = 0. Every coefficient of the Taylor expansion around x = 0 is exactly zero, but the function is non-zero if x ≠ 0. In physics, such functions arise for phenomena which are impossible to understand by perturbation theory, at any finite order. In quantum field theory, 't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles, domain walls, flux tubes, and instantons are examples.
Évaporation des trous noirsL'évaporation des trous noirs, qui se traduit par le rayonnement de Hawking (dit aussi de Bekenstein-Hawking), est le phénomène selon lequel un observateur regardant un trou noir peut détecter un infime rayonnement de corps noir, évaporation des trous noirs, émanant de la zone proche de son horizon des événements. Il a été prédit par Stephen Hawking en 1975 et est considéré comme l'une de ses plus importantes réalisations.
3D rotation groupIn mechanics and geometry, the 3D rotation group, often denoted SO(3), is the group of all rotations about the origin of three-dimensional Euclidean space under the operation of composition. By definition, a rotation about the origin is a transformation that preserves the origin, Euclidean distance (so it is an isometry), and orientation (i.e., handedness of space). Composing two rotations results in another rotation, every rotation has a unique inverse rotation, and the identity map satisfies the definition of a rotation.
