Fair use | EPFL Graph Search

Aux États-Unis, le fair use ( « usage loyal », « usage raisonnable » ou « usage acceptable ») est un ensemble de règles de droit, d'origine législative et jurisprudentielle, qui apportent des limitations et des exceptions aux droits exclusifs de l'auteur sur son œuvre (droit d'auteur). Il essaie de prendre en compte à la fois les intérêts des bénéficiaires des droits d'auteur et l'intérêt public, pour la distribution de travaux créatifs, en autorisant certains usages qui seraient, autrement, considérés comme illégaux. Des dispositions similaires existent également dans beaucoup d'autres pays :

Quelques pays ont calqué leur loi sur le fair use américain ;
La plupart des pays de ont une doctrine similaire, le fair dealing, qui se traduit par utilisation équitable. Au Canada on trouve la mention de l'utilisation équitable aux articles 29 et suivants de la loi sur le droit d'auteur (L.R. 1985, ch. C-42) ;
Le droit européen fixe seulement les limites au-delà desquelles le droit

A Comparison of Entry Consistency and Lazy Release Consistency Implementations

Sarita Vikram Adve, Sandhya Dwarkadas, Willy Zwaenepoel

This paper compares several implementations of entry consistency (EC) and lazy release consistency (LRC), two relaxed memory models in use with software distributed shared memory (DSM) systems. We use six applications in our study: SOR, Quicksort, Water, Barnes-Hut, IS, and 3D-FFT. For these applications, EC's requirement that all shared data be associated with a synchronization object leads to a fair amount of additional programming effort. We identify, in particular, extra synchronization, lock rebinding, and object granularity as sources of extra complexity. In terms of performance, for the set of applications and for the computing environment utilized neither model is consistently better than the other. For SOR and IS, execution times are about the same, but LRC is faster for Water (33%) and Barnes-Hut (41%) and EC is faster for Quicksort (14%) and 3D-FFT (10%)

1996

Fabrication of 2d Material Based Resonators

Tom Larsen, An Tran

Improvements in manufacturing processes inspired by the semiconductor integrated circuit industry have seen a sharp reduction in dimensions of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), leading to the emergence of its submicron counterpart – nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). NEMS resonators, nano-scale vibrating structures, have proven to be extremely sensitive sensors of physical phenomena which affect its resonance behaviour. The arrival of graphene and other 2D materials with ultrahigh surface to volume ratio, ultralow mass and a diverse range of superior electrical and mechanical properties marked an important moment in NEMS resonators’ history as the reality of having extremely sensitive NEMS resonator based sensors seems imminent. Although a fair amount of research has demonstrated the potential of 2D materials for NEMS resonators, the employed fabrication methods either are not scalable or involve too many fabrication steps. An efficient and mass-reproducible fabrication process for 2D material based NEMS resonators has been successfully demonstrated. This fabrication method is predicted to be compatible with any 2D materials although graphene was chosen for availability and cost purposes. Metal electrodes for electrostatic actuation and detection are lithographically patterned on a silicon wafer with wet thermal oxide which was then diced into small substrates to host graphene. Graphene was transferred using a wet-transfer method on these electrode chips before being optimally patterned with photolithography and oxygen plasma etch. Freestanding graphene beams were obtained by wet etching the underlying oxide and critical point drying. Compared to the existing large-scale fabrication methods of 2D material based NEMS resonators, suspended graphene is clamped on top of metal electrodes fabricated on the wafer level, resulting in a smaller number of fabrication steps and minimal exposure of graphene to sacrificial layers. The fabricated devices were electrically characterised and the graphene’s sheet resistances were derived and benchmarked against those found in literature. The characteristic bipolar field effect transistor (FET) behaviour of graphene was confirmed. The generic fabrication approach demonstrated in this thesis holds great promise for 2D material based resonators being fabricated with high reproducibility and scalability.

2017

Spinner: Scalable Graph Partitioning in the Cloud

Dionysios Logothetis, Andreas Loukas

In this paper, we present a graph partitioning algorithm to partition graphs with trillions of edges. To achieve such scale, our solution leverages the vertex-centric Pregel abstraction provided by Giraph, a system for large-scale graph analytics. We designed our algorithm to compute partitions with high locality and fair balance, and focused on the characteristics necessary to reach wide adoption by practitioners in production. Our solution can (i) scale to massive graphs and thousands of compute cores, (ii) efficiently adapt partitions to changes to graphs and compute environments, and (iii) seamlessly integrate in existing systems without additional infrastructure. We evaluate our solution on the Facebook and Instagram graphs, as well as on other large-scale, real-world graphs. We show that it is scalable and computes partitionings with quality comparable, and sometimes outperforming, existing solutions. By integrating the computed partitionings in Giraph, we speedup various real-world applications by up to a factor of 5.6 compared to default hash-partitioning.

Ieee2017

Fabrication of 2d Material Based Resonators

Tom Larsen, An Tran

2017