A test statistic is a statistic (a quantity derived from the sample) used in statistical hypothesis testing. A hypothesis test is typically specified in terms of a test statistic, considered as a numerical summary of a data-set that reduces the data to one value that can be used to perform the hypothesis test. In general, a test statistic is selected or defined in such a way as to quantify, within observed data, behaviours that would distinguish the null from the alternative hypothesis, where such an alternative is prescribed, or that would characterize the null hypothesis if there is no explicitly stated alternative hypothesis.
An important property of a test statistic is that its sampling distribution under the null hypothesis must be calculable, either exactly or approximately, which allows p-values to be calculated. A test statistic shares some of the same qualities of a descriptive statistic, and many statistics can be used as both test statistics and descriptive statistics. However, a test statistic is specifically intended for use in statistical testing, whereas the main quality of a descriptive statistic is that it is easily interpretable. Some informative descriptive statistics, such as the sample range, do not make good test statistics since it is difficult to determine their sampling distribution.
Two widely used test statistics are the t-statistic and the F-test.
Suppose the task is to test whether a coin is fair (i.e. has equal probabilities of producing a head or a tail). If the coin is flipped 100 times and the results are recorded, the raw data can be represented as a sequence of 100 heads and tails. If there is interest in the marginal probability of obtaining a tail, only the number T out of the 100 flips that produced a tail needs to be recorded. But T can also be used as a test statistic in one of two ways:
the exact sampling distribution of T under the null hypothesis is the binomial distribution with parameters 0.5 and 100.
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En statistique, un test de Student, ou test t, désigne n'importe quel test statistique paramétrique où la statistique de test calculée suit une loi de Student lorsque l’hypothèse nulle est vraie. gauche|vignette|Façade de la brasserie historique Guinness de St. James. vignette|William Sealy Gosset, qui inventa le test t, sous le pseudonyme Student. Le test de Student et la loi de probabilités qui lui correspond ont été publiés en 1908 dans la revue Biometrika par William Gosset.
Un tableau de contingence est une méthode de représentation de données issues d’un comptage permettant d'estimer la dépendance entre deux caractères. Elle consiste à croiser deux caractères d'une population (par exemple une classe d'âge et un score) en dénombrant l'effectif correspondant à la conjonction « caractère 1 » et « caractère 2 ». Les effectifs partiels sont rassemblés dans un tableau à double entrée, par ligne pour le premier caractère, et par colonne en fonction du second caractère : c'est le « tableau de contingence ».
In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis is one of the proposed proposition in the hypothesis test. In general the goal of hypothesis test is to demonstrate that in the given condition, there is sufficient evidence supporting the credibility of alternative hypothesis instead of the exclusive proposition in the test (null hypothesis). It is usually consistent with the research hypothesis because it is constructed from literature review, previous studies, etc.
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