Quasi-isometryIn mathematics, a quasi-isometry is a function between two metric spaces that respects large-scale geometry of these spaces and ignores their small-scale details. Two metric spaces are quasi-isometric if there exists a quasi-isometry between them. The property of being quasi-isometric behaves like an equivalence relation on the class of metric spaces. The concept of quasi-isometry is especially important in geometric group theory, following the work of Gromov.
Mostow rigidity theoremIn mathematics, Mostow's rigidity theorem, or strong rigidity theorem, or Mostow–Prasad rigidity theorem, essentially states that the geometry of a complete, finite-volume hyperbolic manifold of dimension greater than two is determined by the fundamental group and hence unique. The theorem was proven for closed manifolds by and extended to finite volume manifolds by in 3 dimensions, and by in all dimensions at least 3. gave an alternate proof using the Gromov norm. gave the simplest available proof.
Commensurability (group theory)In mathematics, specifically in group theory, two groups are commensurable if they differ only by a finite amount, in a precise sense. The commensurator of a subgroup is another subgroup, related to the normalizer. Two groups G1 and G2 are said to be (abstractly) commensurable if there are subgroups H1 ⊂ G1 and H2 ⊂ G2 of finite index such that H1 is isomorphic to H2. For example: A group is finite if and only if it is commensurable with the trivial group. Any two finitely generated free groups on at least 2 generators are commensurable with each other.
Arithmetic groupIn mathematics, an arithmetic group is a group obtained as the integer points of an algebraic group, for example They arise naturally in the study of arithmetic properties of quadratic forms and other classical topics in number theory. They also give rise to very interesting examples of Riemannian manifolds and hence are objects of interest in differential geometry and topology. Finally, these two topics join in the theory of automorphic forms which is fundamental in modern number theory.
Groupe discretIn mathematics, a topological group G is called a discrete group if there is no limit point in it (i.e., for each element in G, there is a neighborhood which only contains that element). Equivalently, the group G is discrete if and only if its identity is isolated. A subgroup H of a topological group G is a discrete subgroup if H is discrete when endowed with the subspace topology from G. In other words there is a neighbourhood of the identity in G containing no other element of H.
OrbifoldEn mathématiques, un orbifold (parfois appelé aussi orbivariété) est une généralisation de la notion de variété contenant de possibles singularités. Ces espaces ont été introduits explicitement pour la première fois par Ichirō Satake en 1956 sous le nom de V-manifolds. Pour passer de la notion de variété (différentiable) à celle d'orbifold, on ajoute comme modèles locaux tous les quotients d'ouverts de par l'action de groupes finis. L'intérêt pour ces objets a été ravivé considérablement à la fin des années 70 par William Thurston en relation avec sa conjecture de géométrisation.
Congruence subgroupIn mathematics, a congruence subgroup of a matrix group with integer entries is a subgroup defined by congruence conditions on the entries. A very simple example would be invertible 2 × 2 integer matrices of determinant 1, in which the off-diagonal entries are even. More generally, the notion of congruence subgroup can be defined for arithmetic subgroups of algebraic groups; that is, those for which we have a notion of 'integral structure' and can define reduction maps modulo an integer.
ErgodicityIn mathematics, ergodicity expresses the idea that a point of a moving system, either a dynamical system or a stochastic process, will eventually visit all parts of the space that the system moves in, in a uniform and random sense. This implies that the average behavior of the system can be deduced from the trajectory of a "typical" point. Equivalently, a sufficiently large collection of random samples from a process can represent the average statistical properties of the entire process.
Groupe hyperboliqueEn théorie géométrique des groupes — une branche des mathématiques — un groupe hyperbolique, ou groupe à courbure négative, est un groupe de type fini muni d'une métrique des mots vérifiant certaines propriétés caractéristiques de la géométrie hyperbolique. Cette notion a été introduite et développée par Mikhaïl Gromov au début des années 1980. Il avait remarqué que beaucoup de résultats de Max Dehn concernant le groupe fondamental d'une surface de Riemann hyperbolique ne reposaient pas sur le fait qu'elle soit de 2 ni même que ce soit une variété, mais restaient vrais dans un contexte beaucoup plus général.
Théorie ergodiquevignette|Flux d'un ensemble statistique dans le potentiel x6 + 4*x3 - 5x**2 - 4x. Sur de longues périodes, il devient tourbillonnant et semble devenir une distribution lisse et stable. Cependant, cette stabilité est un artefact de la pixellisation (la structure réelle est trop fine pour être perçue). Cette animation est inspirée d'une discussion de Gibbs dans son wikisource de 1902 : Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, Chapter XII, p. 143 : « Tendance d'un ensemble de systèmes isolés vers un état d'équilibre statistique ».
