Answer (law)In law, an answer was originally a solemn assertion in opposition to someone or something, and thus generally any counter-statement or defense, a reply to a question or response, or objection, or a correct solution of a problem. In the common law, an answer is the first pleading by a defendant, usually filed and served upon the plaintiff within a certain strict time limit after a civil complaint or criminal information or indictment has been served upon the defendant.
Plaidoiriethumb|Un avocat britannique en train de plaider (caricature de Leslie Ward publiée dans Vanity Fair du ). La plaidoirie désigne de manière générale l'exposé verbal des prétentions et arguments d'une partie devant un tribunal, lors d'une audience. Le but de la plaidoirie est de convaincre le tribunal. Cet exposé contient les demandes, dites aussi « prétentions », et les défenses. Pour plaider, peuvent être présentés des faits, des moyens de fait et de droit et des preuves En droit belge, sa tarification se fait par le droit de plaidoirie.
ReplevinReplevin (rI'plɛvɪn) or claim and delivery (sometimes called revendication) is a legal remedy, which enables a person to recover personal property taken wrongfully or unlawfully, and to obtain compensation for resulting losses. The word "replevin" is of Anglo-Norman origin and is the noun form of the verb "replevy". This comes from the Old French replevir, derived from plevir ("to pledge"), which is derived from the Latin replegiare ("to redeem a thing taken by another").
Bench trialA bench trial is a trial by judge, as opposed to a trial by jury. The term applies most appropriately to any administrative hearing in relation to a summary offense to distinguish the type of trial. Many legal systems (Roman, Islamic) use bench trials for most or all cases or for certain types of cases. While a jury renders a verdict, a judge in a bench trial does the same by making a finding. The majority of civil trials proceed without a jury and are heard by a judge sitting alone.
Form of actionThe forms of action were the different procedures by which a legal claim could be made during much of the history of the English common law. Depending on the court, a plaintiff would purchase a writ in Chancery (or file a bill) which would set in motion a series of events eventually leading to a trial in one of the medieval common law courts. Each writ entailed a different set of procedures and remedies which together amounted to the "form of action". The forms of action were abolished during the 19th century, but they have left an indelible mark on the law.
Diversity jurisdictionIn the law of the United States, diversity jurisdiction is a form of subject-matter jurisdiction that gives U.S. federal courts the power to hear lawsuits that do not involve a federal question. For a U.S. federal court to have diversity jurisdiction over a lawsuit, two conditions must be met. First, there must be "diversity of citizenship" between the parties, meaning the plaintiffs must be citizens of different U.S. states than the defendants. Second, the lawsuit's "amount in controversy" must be more than $75,000.
Subpoena ad testificandumA subpoena ad testificandum is a court summons to appear and give oral testimony for use at a hearing or trial. The use of a writ for purposes of compelling testimony originated in the ecclesiastical courts of Church during the High Middle Ages, especially in England. The use of the subpoena writ was gradually adopted over time by civil and criminal courts in England and the European continent. The subpoena developed as a creative writ, the "writ subpoena", from the Court of Chancery.
Subpoena duces tecumA subpoena duces tecum (pronounced in English səˈpiːnə_ˌdjuːsiːz_ˈtiːkəm ), or subpoena for production of evidence, is a court summons ordering the recipient to appear before the court and produce documents or other tangible evidence for use at a hearing or trial. In some jurisdictions, it can also be issued by legislative bodies such as county boards of supervisors. The summons is known by various names in different jurisdictions. The term subpoena duces tecum is used in the United States, as well as some other common law jurisdictions such as South Africa and Canada.
Court of equityA court of equity, also known as an equity court or chancery court, is a court authorized to apply principles of equity rather than principles of law to cases brought before it. These courts originated from petitions to the Lord Chancellor of England and primarily heard claims for relief other than damages, such as specific performance and extraordinary writs. Over time, most equity courts merged with courts of law, and the adoption of various Acts granted courts combined jurisdiction to administer common law and equity concurrently.
Cause d'actionEn common law, une cause d'action est un ensemble de faits suffisants pour justifier une action en justice pour obtenir de l'argent, des biens ou la mise en œuvre d'un droit contre une autre partie. Le terme réfère également à la théorie juridique sur laquelle un demandeur intente une action (comme la rupture de contrat, la batterie délictuelle ou une séquestration). Le document juridique qui contient une réclamation est souvent appelé demande introductive d'instance.
