Soi (philosophie)Le soi en philosophie s'entend au travers de l'histoire de la philosophie occidentale, plus ou moins distinctement ce qui peut être lié au terme « soi » selon une approche spirituelle. Alors que les philosophies orientales y font pratiquement toujours référence, la philosophie occidentale, issue du logos grec, au sens de « raison » et de « discours », n'a pas constitué le terme « soi » comme un concept à proprement parler, c'est-à-dire comme mot-outil selon Gilles Deleuze, servant à explorer un domaine de la connaissance à un moment donné et chez un penseur particulier.
HikmahHikmah (also Hikmat, حكمة, ) is an Arabic word that means wisdom, sagacity, philosophy, rationale or underlying reason. The Quran mentions "hikmah" in various places, where it is understood as knowledge and understanding of the Quran, fear of God, and a means of nourishing the spirit or intellect. Hikmah is sometimes associated with prophethood, faith, intelligence ('aql), comprehension (fahm), or the power of rational demonstration.
Bayt al-malBayt al-mal (بيت المال) is an Arabic term that is translated as "House of money" or "House of wealth." Historically, it was a financial institution responsible for the administration of taxes in Islamic states, particularly in the early Islamic Caliphate. It served as a royal treasury for the caliphs and sultans, managing personal finances and government expenditures. Further, it administered distributions of zakat revenues for public works. Modern Islamic economists deem the institutional framework appropriate for contemporary Islamic societies.
Passive intellectThe passive intellect (Latin: intellectus possibilis; also translated as potential intellect or material intellect), is a term used in philosophy alongside the notion of the active intellect in order to give an account of the operation of the intellect (nous), in accordance with the theory of hylomorphism, as most famously put forward by Aristotle. Aristotle gives his most substantial account of the passive intellect (nous pathetikos) in De Anima (On the Soul), Book III, chapter 4.
Tradition (perennialism)In perennial philosophy, tradition means divinely ordained truths or principles that have been communicated to humanity as well as an entire cosmic sector through various figures such as messengers, prophets, avataras, the Logos, or other transmitting agencies. The purpose of these sacred truths or principles is to continuously remind human beings of the existence of a "Divine Center" and an "Ultimate Origin." According to this perspective, tradition does not refer to custom, habit, or inherited ways of thinking and living.
Temporal finitismTemporal finitism is the doctrine that time is finite in the past. The philosophy of Aristotle, expressed in such works as his Physics, held that although space was finite, with only void existing beyond the outermost sphere of the heavens, time was infinite. This caused problems for mediaeval Islamic, Jewish, and Christian philosophers who, primarily creationist, were unable to reconcile the Aristotelian conception of the eternal with the Genesis creation narrative.
Philosophie islamique contemporaineLa philosophie islamique contemporaine ravive certaines des tendances de la philosophie islamique médiévale, notamment la tension entre les vues mutazilites et asharites de l'éthique dans la science et le droit, et le devoir des musulmans et le rôle de l'islam dans la sociologie de la connaissance et dans la formation des codes éthiques et des codes juridiques, en particulier le fiqh (ou «jurisprudence») et les règles du jihad (ou « guerre juste »). Voir la liste des termes islamiques en arabe pour un glossaire des termes clés utilisés dans l'Islam.
QalbIn Islamic philosophy, the qalb (قلب) or heart is the center of the human personality. The Quran mentions "qalb" 132 times and its root meaning suggests that the heart is always in a state of motion and transformation. According to the Quran and the prophetic tradition, the heart plays a central role in human existence, serving as the source of good and evil, right and wrong. In Islam, God is more concerned with the motives of one's heart than their actions.
RūḥThe Spirit (الروح, al-rūḥ) is mentioned twenty one times in the Quran, where it is described as issuing from command of God. The spirit acts as an agent of divine action or communication. The Quran describes the rūḥ in various ways. It refers to ruh as rūḥ al-qudus, which means "the holy spirit" and ar-rūḥ al-amin, which means "the faithful" or "trustworthy spirit", terms that are commonly understood to be references to the archangel Gabriel.
Sufi philosophySufi philosophy includes the schools of thought unique to Sufism, the mystical tradition within Islam, also termed as Tasawwuf or Faqr according to its adherents. Sufism and its philosophical tradition may be associated with both Sunni and Shia branches of Islam. It has been suggested that Sufi thought emerged from the Middle East in the eighth century CE, but adherents are now found around the world. According to Sufi Muslims, it is a part of the Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of inner self and is the way which removes all the veils between the divine and humankind.
