A summons (also known in England and Wales as a claim form and in the Australian state of New South Wales as a court attendance notice (CAN)) is a legal document issued by a court (a judicial summons) or by an administrative agency of government (an administrative summons) for various purposes.
A judicial summons is served on a person involved in a legal proceeding. Legal action may be in progress against the person, or the person's presence as witness may be required. In the former case, the summons will typically announce to the person to whom it is directed that a legal proceeding has been started against that person, and that a case has been initiated in the issuing court. In some jurisdictions, it may be drafted in legal English difficult for the layman to understand, while several U.S. states expressly require summonses to be drafted in plain English and that they must start with this phrase: "Notice! You have been sued."
The summons announces a date by which the person or persons summoned must either appear in court, or respond in writing to the court or the opposing party or parties. The summons is the descendant of the writ of the common law. It replaces the former procedure in common-law countries by which the plaintiff actually had to ask the sheriff to arrest the defendant in order for the court to obtain personal jurisdiction in both criminal and civil actions.
A citation, traffic violation ticket, or notice to appear is a type of summons prepared and served at the scene of the occurrence by a law enforcement official, compelling the appearance of a defendant before the local magistrate within a certain period of time to answer for a minor traffic infraction, misdemeanor, or other summary offence. Failure to appear within the allotted period of time is a separate crime of failure to appear.
In Australia, minor traffic and some summary offences are known as an infringement notice or a fine and can be dealt with by paying a particular monetary amount depending on the offence.
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The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (officially abbreviated Fed. R. Civ. P.; colloquially FRCP) govern civil procedure in United States district courts. They are the companion to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rules promulgated by the United States Supreme Court pursuant to the Rules Enabling Act become part of the FRCP unless, within seven months, the United States Congress acts to veto them. The Court's modifications to the rules are usually based upon recommendations from the Judicial Conference of the United States, the federal judiciary's internal policy-making body.
La citation est le document qui, selon les procédures et les juridictions saisies, est transmis soit par lettre recommandée soit par voie de commissaire de justice, à une personne sommée de se présenter devant un tribunal. Le même mot est utilisé qu'il s'agisse d'une convocation adressée à un défendeur, ou à un témoin ou à toute autre personne devant être entendue par le juge, et ce, en matière civile comme en matière pénale. Encore qu'il y ait quelques différences, on parle indifféremment de citation, de « convocation », de « notification » ou de « signification ».
Shérif (sheriff) est une fonction politique et publique (en vigueur au Royaume-Uni, aux États-Unis, au Canada, en Australie, en Irlande et en Inde), de même que la personne chargée de cette fonction. Shérif de la Cité de Londres La fonction de shérif est originaire de l’Angleterre prénormande. Le terme est né d'une contraction des mots anglo-saxons Shire reeve, désignant respectivement : pour le Shire, une circonscription administrative similaire au comté ; pour le reeve, un officier, agent d'un seigneur féodal (très proche du concept du bailli) qui faisait appliquer l’ordre parmi les serfs du domaine.