Metamathematics is the study of mathematics itself using mathematical methods. This study produces metatheories, which are mathematical theories about other mathematical theories. Emphasis on metamathematics (and perhaps the creation of the term itself) owes itself to David Hilbert's attempt to secure the foundations of mathematics in the early part of the 20th century. Metamathematics provides "a rigorous mathematical technique for investigating a great variety of foundation problems for mathematics and logic" (Kleene 1952, p. 59). An important feature of metamathematics is its emphasis on differentiating between reasoning from inside a system and from outside a system. An informal illustration of this is categorizing the proposition "2+2=4" as belonging to mathematics while categorizing the proposition "'2+2=4' is valid" as belonging to metamathematics.
Metamathematical metatheorems about mathematics itself were originally differentiated from ordinary mathematical theorems in the 19th century to focus on what was then called the foundational crisis of mathematics. Richard's paradox (Richard 1905) concerning certain 'definitions' of real numbers in the English language is an example of the sort of contradictions that can easily occur if one fails to distinguish between mathematics and metamathematics. Something similar can be said around the well-known Russell's paradox (Does the set of all those sets that do not contain themselves contain itself?).
Metamathematics was intimately connected to mathematical logic, so that the early histories of the two fields, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, largely overlap. More recently, mathematical logic has often included the study of new pure mathematics, such as set theory, , recursion theory and pure model theory, which is not directly related to metamathematics.
Serious metamathematical reflection began with the work of Gottlob Frege, especially his Begriffsschrift, published in 1879.
David Hilbert was the first to invoke the term "metamathematics" with regularity (see Hilbert's program), in the early 20th century.
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Un système formel est une modélisation mathématique d'un langage en général spécialisé. Les éléments linguistiques, mots, phrases, discours, etc., sont représentés par des objets finis (entiers, suites, arbres ou graphes finis...). Le propre d'un système formel est que la correction au sens grammatical de ses éléments est vérifiable algorithmiquement, c'est-à-dire que ceux-ci forment un ensemble récursif.
Le paradoxe de Richard est le paradoxe suivant, qui apparaît lorsqu'une théorie des ensembles n'est pas suffisamment formalisée : Son auteur, le mathématicien français Jules Richard, professeur au lycée de Dijon, le décrivit dans une lettre au directeur de la Revue générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées. Ce dernier décida de la publier, sous forme d'un court article, dans le numéro du de cette revue. Il a joué un rôle important dans les recherches sur les fondements des mathématiques, en particulier au début du , et a suscité depuis sa publication en 1905 de nombreux commentaires.
In the philosophy of mathematics, formalism is the view that holds that statements of mathematics and logic can be considered to be statements about the consequences of the manipulation of strings (alphanumeric sequences of symbols, usually as equations) using established manipulation rules. A central idea of formalism "is that mathematics is not a body of propositions representing an abstract sector of reality, but is much more akin to a game, bringing with it no more commitment to an ontology of objects or properties than ludo or chess.