Système formel

Résumé

Un système formel est une modélisation mathématique d'un langage en général spécialisé. Les éléments linguistiques, mots, phrases, discours, etc., sont représentés par des objets finis (entiers, suites, arbres ou graphes finis…). Le propre d'un système formel est que la correction au sens grammatical de ses éléments est vérifiable algorithmiquement, c'est-à-dire que ceux-ci forment un ensemble récursif. Les systèmes formels s'opposent aux langues naturelles pour lesquels les algorithmes de traitement sont extrêmement complexes et surtout doivent évoluer dans le temps pour s'adapter aux transformations du langage. Les systèmes formels sont apparus en logique mathématique afin de représenter mathématiquement le langage et le raisonnement mathématique, mais peuvent se trouver également dans d'autres contextes : informatique, chimie… Exemples

Le calcul des prédicats, système logique modélisant le langage mathématique.
Le lambda-calcul, langage de programmation théorique

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_formel

À propos de ce résultat

Cette page est générée automatiquement et peut contenir des informations qui ne sont pas correctes, complètes, à jour ou pertinentes par rapport à votre recherche. Il en va de même pour toutes les autres pages de ce site. Veillez à vérifier les informations auprès des sources officielles de l'EPFL.

Publications associées (8)

Publications associées

Chargement

Personnes associées

Chargement

Unités associées

Chargement

Concepts associés (69)

Concepts associés

Chargement

Cours associés (17)

Cours associés

Chargement

Séances de cours associées (59)

Afficher plus

Séances de cours associées

Chargement

, , ,

This paper describes two research projects in the field of interactive architecture, both examples of experience catalysts; Settings which allow new insights in the aesthetic constitution and perception of environments. This term can be thought of as somewhat synonymous with artistic intervention, but is used instead to recognize that the participants might not self-identify as artists. We are working with architectural notions of space and place, but are interested in the experience of place more than its formal structure. We wish to emphasize the dynamic and are interested in transitions not as the pauses between states but as destinations worth exploring. Quadricone by Selena Savic is an actual experience catalyst: a physical manifestation of a digital “material” (in this case network traffic.) The goal is less data visualization and more an attempt to understand what it means to physically experience something normally invisible. Inter-Actor by Andrew Sempere casts architecture as an ongoing event which might benefit from the flexibility of the digital. The idea is to create a combination of software and hardware that allows for “rapid prototyping” of interactive space. Inter-Actor is not an experience catalyst but a toolkit for creating them.

Porto: FAUP Publicações2013

Chargement

Western listeners detect boundary hierarchy in Indian music: a segmentation study

Tudor Popescu, Martin Alois Rohrmeier

How are listeners able to follow and enjoy complex pieces of music? Several theoretical frameworks suggest links between the process of listening and the formal structure of music, involving a division of the musical surface into structural units at multiple hierarchical levels. Whether boundaries between structural units are perceivable to listeners unfamiliar with the style, and are identified congruently between naive listeners and experts, remains unclear. Here, we focused on the case of Indian music, and asked 65 Western listeners (of mixed levels of musical training; most unfamiliar with Indian music) to intuitively segment into phrases a recording of sitar alap of two different raga-modes. Each recording was also segmented by two experts, who identified boundary regions at section and phrase levels. Participant- and region-wise scores were computed on the basis of "clicks" inside or outside boundary regions (hits/false alarms), inserted earlier or later within those regions (high/low "promptness"). We found substantial agreement-expressed as hit rates and click densities-among participants, and between participants' and experts' segmentations. The agreement and promptness scores differed between participants, levels, and recordings. We found no effect of musical training, but detected real-time awareness of grouping completion and boundary hierarchy. The findings may potentially be explained by underlying general bottom-up processes, implicit learning of structural relationships, cross-cultural musical similarities, or universal cognitive capacities.

NATURE RESEARCH2021

Chargement

The Socio-Economic Embeddedness of the Circular Economy: An Integrative Framework

Claudia Rebeca Binder Signer, Rafael Laurenti

Global economies have been characterised by a large dependency of material inflows from natural stocks, an exponential growth of material stock-in-use in the built environment, and the extensive disposal of waste material outflows to anthropogenic sinks. In this context, the concept of the circular economy has emerged, promising to circulate the stock-in-use of materials and transforming output waste material flows back into useful resources while promoting job and value creation. These promises have drawn the attention and interest of policymakers and industry, and gained popularity across society. Despite its apparent emergent legitimacy and diffusion, a few essential adjustments still need to be addressed so that circular economy initiatives can actually deliver on their promises without leading to negative unintended effects. First, a complete entanglement with the existing formal economy is fundamentally needed; this implies valuing the preservation of natural stocks and pricing material input flows adequately. Secondly, a recognition of its socio-economic embeddedness is essentially necessary. The decision-making of societal actors affects material configuration, which in turn affects societal actors; this important feedback loop needs to be explicitly taken into account in circular economy initiatives. The aim of this short communication paper is to explore these pervasive challenges in a broad context of sustainable physical resource management. An integrative framework for recognising the socio-economic embeddedness of the circular economy in practice and the role of the formal economic system in realising its ambitions is proposed.

2018

Chargement