Religious naturalism is a framework for religious orientation in which a naturalist worldview is used to respond to types of questions and aspirations that are parts of many religions. It has been described as "a perspective that finds religious meaning in the natural world."
Religious naturalism can be considered intellectually, as a philosophy, and it can be embraced as a part of, or as the focus of, a personal religious orientation. Advocates have stated that it can be a significant option for people who are unable to embrace religious traditions in which supernatural presences or events play prominent roles, and that it provides “a deeply spiritual and inspiring religious vision” that is particularly relevant in a time of ecological crisis.
Naturalism is the view that the natural world is all that exists, and that its constituents, principles, and relationships are the sole reality. All that occurs is seen as being due to natural processes, with nothing supernatural involved. As Sean Carroll put it:"Naturalism comes down to three things:
There is only one world, the natural world.
The world evolves according to unbroken patterns, the laws of nature.
The only reliable way of learning about the world is by observing it.
Essentially, naturalism is the idea that the world revealed to us by scientific investigation is the one true world."All forms of religious naturalism, being naturalistic in their basic beliefs, assert that the natural world is the center of our most significant experiences and understandings. Consequently, Nature is looked at as the ultimate value in assessing one's being. Despite having followed differing cultural and individual paths, religious naturalists affirm the human need for meaning and value in their lives. They draw on two fundamental convictions in those quests: the sense of Nature's richness, spectacular complexity, and fertility, and the recognition that Nature is the only realm in which people live out their lives. Humans are considered interconnected to various parts of Nature.
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Le but de cet enseignement est de revenir sur les conditions (historiques mais aussi épistémologiques) qui ont permis aux sciences de prendre de l'autonomie par rapport à la religion.
Metaphysical naturalism (also called ontological naturalism, philosophical naturalism and antisupernaturalism) is a philosophical worldview which holds that there is nothing but natural elements, principles, and relations of the kind studied by the natural sciences. Methodological naturalism is a philosophical basis for science, for which metaphysical naturalism provides only one possible ontological foundation. Broadly, the corresponding theological perspective is religious naturalism or spiritual naturalism.
En philosophie, le naturalisme est la conception d'après laquelle tout ce qui existe – objets et événements – peut être expliqué par des causes ou des principes naturels. Écartant toute forme de transcendance, le naturalisme conçoit l'activité philosophique dans le prolongement de l'activité scientifique. Le naturalisme ne doit être confondu ni avec le matérialisme, ni avec la Naturphilosophie de l'idéalisme allemand qui, au début du , prétendait donner une explication métaphysique à l'évolution du monde.
vignette|Symbole de l'athéisme. Au sens large, l'athéisme est défini comme l'absence ou le refus de toute croyance en quelque divinité que ce soit. Le terme s'oppose donc au théisme, toutefois cette définition ainsi posée ne permet pas de le distinguer clairement de l'agnosticisme, de l'antithéisme et de l'apathéisme avec lesquels il peut être confondu. Ainsi, l'athéisme se définit comme la considération qu'il n'existe aucune notion de divinité plausible, prouvable et donc réelle, ceci tant pour un dieu unique que pour un ensemble de divinités intégrées dans un même mythe.
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