Reading for special needsReading for special needs has become an area of interest as the understanding of reading has improved. Teaching children with special needs how to read was not historically pursued due to perspectives of a Reading Readiness model. This model assumes that a reader must learn to read in a hierarchical manner such that one skill must be mastered before learning the next skill (e.g., a child might be expected to learn the names of the letters in the alphabet in the correct order before being taught how to read his or her name).
Balanced literacyBalanced literacy is a theory of teaching reading and writing the English language that arose in the 1990s and has a variety of interpretations. For some, balanced literacy strikes a balance between whole language and phonics and puts an end to the so called reading wars. Others say balanced literacy, in practice, usually means the whole language approach to reading.
Fluence verbaleLa fluence verbale (aussi appelée volubilité et loquacité) est la capacité d’une personne ou d’un système à délivrer rapidement une information et avec expertise. Elle peut être ralentie par la fatigue, le stress et divers troubles cognitifs, y compris liés à l'exposition chronique à la pollution routière La fluence verbale est un terme du domaine de l’orthophonie qui définit le rythme ou le flux des sons, des syllabes, des mots et des phrases mis bout à bout lorsque l’on parle rapidement.
Phonological awarenessPhonological awareness is an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later reading ability and has, therefore, been the focus of much research. Phonological awareness involves the detection and manipulation of sounds at three levels of sound structure: (1) syllables, (2) onsets and rimes, and (3) phonemes. Awareness of these sounds is demonstrated through a variety of tasks (see below).
Reading comprehensionReading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. Reading comprehension relies on two abilities that are connected to each other: word reading and language comprehension. Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multifaceted process" dependent upon four language skills: phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
Synthetic phonicsSynthetic phonics, also known as blended phonics or inductive phonics, is a method of teaching English reading which first teaches the letter sounds and then builds up to blending these sounds together to achieve full pronunciation of whole words. Synthetic phonics refers to a family of programmes which aim to teach reading and writing through the following methods: Teaching students the correspondence between written letters (graphemes) and speech sounds (phonemes).
Analytic phonicsAnalytic phonics (sometimes referred to as analytical phonics or implicit phonics) refers to a very common approach to the teaching of reading that starts at the word level, not at the sound (phoneme) level. It does not teach the blending of sounds together as is done in synthetic phonics. One method is to have students identify a common sound in a set of words that each contain that same sound. For example, the teacher and student discuss how the following words are alike: pat, park, push and pen.
Système d'écriturevignette|400px|Carte légendée des systèmes d'écriture dans le monde. Un système d’écriture est un ensemble organisé et plus ou moins standardisé de signes d'écriture permettant la communication des idées. En général, il s'agit de la transcription de la parole énoncée dans une langue parlée : on parle alors de glottographie. Il existe cependant des systèmes transmettant des idées sans l'intermédiaire direct de la parole : on parle alors de sémasiographie, que tous les spécialistes ne s'accordent cependant pas à considérer comme de véritables systèmes d'écriture ; on parle donc également de pré-écriture ou de proto-écriture.
ReadabilityReadability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text. In natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic aspects that affect legibility, like font size, line height, character spacing, and line length).
Méthode syllabiqueLa méthode syllabique, couramment appelée « b.a. – ba », est une méthode d'apprentissage de la lecture consistant à identifier les lettres présentes dans un mot, afin de pouvoir les combiner en syllabes pour arriver à la formation d’un mot. Il s’agit d’un mécanisme associatif. Une fois que la relation entre le phonème – élément sonore distinctif du langage – et le graphème – s, c, ss, sc, ç sont des graphèmes correspondant au phonème [s] – est maîtrisée, l’enfant apprend à lire les assemblages de graphèmes sous forme de syllabes ou de mots.
