A consumption tax is a tax levied on consumption spending on goods and services. The tax base of such a tax is the money spent on consumption. Consumption taxes are usually indirect, such as a sales tax or a value-added tax. However, a consumption tax can also be structured as a form of direct, personal taxation, such as the Hall–Rabushka flat tax.
A value-added tax applies to the market value added to a product or material at each stage of its manufacture or distribution. For example, if a retailer buys a shirt for twenty dollars and sells it for thirty dollars, this tax would apply to the ten dollar difference between the two amounts.
A simple value-added tax is proportional to consumption but is regressive on income at higher income levels, as consumption tends to fall as a percentage of income as income rises. Savings and investment are tax-deferred until they become consumption. A value-added tax may exclude certain goods to make it less regressive against income. It is common in European Union countries.
Value added tax is a consumption based tax and is levied each and every time the value of a good gets increased in the process of manufacturing to the point of sale.
In Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and Singapore, it is instead called a "Goods and Services Tax." In Canada, it is also called Harmonized Sales Tax when it is combined with a provincial sales tax.
Sales tax is a consumption tax applicable to sales of goods and services. A sales tax typically applies to the sale of goods, and sometimes includes the sales of services. The tax is applied at the point of sale. The tax amount is usually ad valorem, that is, it is calculated by applying a percentage rate to the price of a sale. When a tax on goods or services is paid to a governing body directly by a consumer, it is usually called a use tax. Often, laws provide for the exemption of certain goods or services from such taxes.
Laws may allow sellers to itemize the tax separately from the price of the goods or services, or they may require it to be included in the price.
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Le droit d’accise est un impôt indirect perçu sur la consommation, parfois aussi le seul commerce de certains produits, en particulier le tabac, l'alcool et le pétrole et ses dérivés. L’accise (prononcé \ak.siz) est une taxe qui porte sur une quantité et non sur une valeur : ainsi la taxe sur les alcools consiste à prélever n euros par hectolitre d'alcool vendu. Au contraire, une taxe ad valorem porte sur la valeur d’un bien ou d'un service, comme la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (TVA).
La taxe sur la valeur ajoutée ou TVA est un impôt indirect sur la consommation. Il est institué pour la première fois en France dans les années 1950, avant de se répandre ensuite dans le reste de l'Europe, puis progressivement dans d'autres régions du monde. Le principe central de la TVA est d'éviter les impositions cumulatives dites « en cascade ». En effet, taxer la dépense à chaque stade de la commercialisation d'un bien ou d'un service, sur la base de la valeur dépensée, revient à intégrer dans l'assiette de l'impôt la valeur de taxes déjà récoltées au stade précédent.
La fraude fiscale est le détournement d'un système fiscal afin de ne pas contribuer aux contributions publiques. Par contraste, l'optimisation fiscale ou évitement fiscal est l'utilisation de moyens légaux afin de réduire le montant de l'imposition. L'évasion fiscale comprend à la fois la fraude et l'optimisation fiscale. L'OCDE tente actuellement de limiter celle-ci via son . Le blanchiment de fraude fiscale consiste à réinvestir les sommes détournées du fisc dans des opérations légales.
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