Maïs

Résumé

Le maïs (Zea mays L., ou Zea mays subsp. mays (autonyme)), appelé blé d’Inde au Canada, est une plante herbacée tropicale annuelle de la famille des Poacées (graminées), largement cultivée comme céréale pour ses grains riches en amidon, mais aussi comme plante fourragère. Le terme désigne aussi le grain de maïs lui-même. Cette espèce, originaire du Mexique, constituait l'aliment de base des Amérindiens avant l'arrivée en Amérique de Christophe Colomb. La plante fut divinisée dans les anciennes civilisations d’Amérique centrale et méridionale, et était cultivée par les Nord-Amérindiens avec la courge et le haricot en utilisant la technique dite « des trois sœurs ». Introduite en Europe au , elle est aujourd’hui la première céréale cultivée dans le monde devant le riz et le blé. Avec l’avènement des semences hybrides dans la première moitié du , puis des semences transgéniques récemment, le maïs est devenu le symbole de l’agriculture intensive en Europe de l'Ouest, aux États-Unis et

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%AFs

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vignette|Épi de blé.« Blé » est un terme générique qui désigne plusieurs céréales appartenant au genre Triticum. Ce sont des plantes annuelles de la famille des graminées, cultivées dans de très nombr

thumb|Culture intensive de pomme de terre en plein champ, Maine (États-Unis), 2002|alt= vignette|Production de blé à Oman L’agriculture (du latin agricultura, composé à partir de ager, « champ », et

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Improving slash-and-burn agriculture in Central Menabe, Madagascar

Justine Marie Gay des Combes

Slash-and-burn agriculture is considered as an important driver of deforestation in the tropics. In Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot, this type of agriculture particularly threatens the tropical forest cover. On the south-western coast of the island, in Central Menabe, the dry tropical forest of Kirindy suffers from an annual deforestation of 2.6%. At such alarming rate, the forest will have entirely disappeared by 2050. The attention of past research programs and conservation actions were mainly on studying the forest or the general interactions between local populations and the forest, with little focus on the slash-and-burn agricultural system itself. Hence, understanding the cultivation practices and assessing alternatives to them is crucial to improve the current forest conservation initiatives. The present thesis answers to the need of an in-depth study of the agricultural practices in Central Menabe. The project aims to (1) analyze the practices of slash-and-burn cultivation in Kirindy forest, (2) explore alternative slash-and-burn practices which may be more sustainable for the forest, (3) determine the implementation perspectives of these alternatives. In a first stage, we have characterized soil productivity along repetitive slash-and-burn cultivation cycles and the farmerâs perception of their agricultural system. Then, we experimented a selective slash-and-burn agriculture (where trees are left intentionally within the cultivated fields), coupled with compost amendment. Finally, we have assessed the implementation potential of that technique through interviews and participating workshops with local farmers. Our findings highlighted that soil depletion due to plant uptake and erosion or leaching by heavy rains, as well as weed invasion were important problems of slash-and-burn cultivation in Central Menabe. Farmers perceive weeding as a work overload. Decrease in grain yield due to slash-and-burn agriculture reaches about 40% after three years of cultivation on the same field (from 4 to 2.5 t ha-1), and decreases up to 75% after a single cyclonic rainy season (from 4 to 1 t ha-1). Further, we demonstrated that combining compost and wood ashes (from the burnings) seems a promising solution to sustain cultivation on the fields. Compost, combined with wood ashes, multiplied corn yield by 5 compared to traditional slash-and-burn agriculture. Growth rates were accelerated and phenology stages of maize plants advanced. Furthermore, this combination also increased soil security by improving the remaining stock of nutrients after a rain simulation. On the other hand, a partial remaining tree cover (selective slash-and-burn agriculture) improved corn yields only when the soil was amended with ashes, not with compost, nor the combination of both. Implementing composting in the forest dwelling communities appears to be a challenging task. Several barriers were highlighted, among them the most important was the water constraints during a consequent period of time related to compost maintenance. Alternative slash-and-burn practices have not been much studied so far because the use of fire was always considered as destructive. Thus, our result will contribute to the development of new forest management strategies which would balance conservation of habitats and rural communities agricultural needs, while minimizing the impact on primary forest.

EPFL2017

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Crop Backscatter Modeling And Soil Moisture Estimation With Support Vector Regression

Maurice Borgeaud, Jelena Stamenkovic, Jean-Philippe Thiran, Devis Tuia

In this paper, we used an improved version of the Tor Vergata radiative transfer model to simulate the backscattering coefficient for the L-band SAR signals over areas covered with vegetation. Fields of winter wheat, maize and sugar beet observed during the AgriSAR2006 campaign were investigated. For maize field, the presence of periodic soil surface profiles played an important role in determining the total backscattering. Soil moisture was also estimated using an inverse algorithm based on a supervised, nonparametric learning technique, u-SVR. u-SVR proved good generalization properties even with a limited number of training samples available. Dependence to the origin of training samples, as well as the influence of different features, was thoroughly considered.

Ieee2014

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, , , ,

Dry land soils from the Indo-Gangetic plains are inherently poor in organic matter content and phosphorus (P). Amendment of these soils with P-enriched compost, together with P solubilizing rhizobacterial (PSR) inoculation has been suggested to improve plant growth and P uptake. We performed 3 x 2 factorial experiment using compost i.e. control, raw saw dust P compost (RPC) and acidified saw dust P compost (APC), and PSR inoculation as factors. The pot study investigated the effects of compost and PSR on maize growth, yield, P nutrition and soil biochemical properties. PSR inoculation with APC enhanced shoot length, cob diameter, grain yield and plant P uptake compared to control. APC amendment, either alone or in combination with PSR, also improved root growth and caused extension of rhizosphere by increasing the root length density of the maize plants. Significant improvement in soil biochemical properties i.e. dehydrogenase (DHA), beta-glucosidase (BGA), urease (UA) activity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) are due to the additive effect of compost amendments. A substantial increase in P availability and associated biochemical attributes reflect the significance of substrate quality, structural stability and optimized pH conditions of added compost that may have enhanced PSR performance, specifically with APC. Moreover, increased carboxylate secretions and PSR abundance in the root zone, lowering of pH and increase in rhizosphere fungal parameters, suggest PSR and APC to be synergetic driving of increased P availability for maize. We conclude that efficiency of P enriched compost could be increased with suitable compost additive in the presence of PSR in dry land soil.

Elsevier2017

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Improving slash-and-burn agriculture in Central Menabe, Madagascar

Justine Marie Gay des Combes

EPFL2017