Lupus érythémateux disséminé

Résumé

Le (LED) est une maladie systémique auto-immune chronique, de la famille des connectivites, c'est-à-dire touchant les organes du tissu conjonctif, qui se manifeste différemment selon les individus. L'adjectif associé est « lupique ». Nom de l'affection Contrairement à ce que l'on pourrait penser le nom de cette maladie ne vient pas de l'aspect classique des lésions dermatologiques de la région faciale en masque de loup (en lupus) vénitien (lésion érythémateuse s'étendant de la racine du nez vers les pommettes en forme d'aile de papillon) car cette maladie porte le nom de lupus depuis le Moyen Âge, alors que le masque porte ce nom seulement depuis le . Le lupus tient son nom de ce que cette maladie était considérée uniquement sous son aspect de « maladie tuberculeuse de la peau », et, ainsi, comme un ulcère qui rongerait la face, et bien souvent de manière létale, tel un loup (en lupus). Épidémiologie Dix femmes sont touchées pour un homme. Sa prévalence est

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_%C3%A9ryth%C3%A9mateux_diss%C3%A9min%C3%A9

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Mitochondrial copper depletion suppresses triple-negative breast cancer in mice

Arkadiy Bazhin, Min Chen, Elena Goun, Ji Qi

Depletion of mitochondrial copper, which shifts metabolism from respiration to glycolysis and reduces energy production, is known to be effective against cancer types that depend on oxidative phosphorylation. However, existing copper chelators are too toxic or ineffective for cancer treatment. Here we develop a safe, mitochondria-targeted, copper-depleting nanoparticle (CDN) and test it against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We show that CDNs decrease oxygen consumption and oxidative phosphorylation, cause a metabolic switch to glycolysis and reduce ATP production in TNBC cells. This energy deficiency, together with compromised mitochondrial membrane potential and elevated oxidative stress, results in apoptosis. CDNs should be less toxic than existing copper chelators because they favorably deprive copper in the mitochondria in cancer cells instead of systemic depletion. Indeed, we demonstrate low toxicity of CDNs in healthy mice. In three mouse models of TNBC, CDN administration inhibits tumor growth and substantially improves survival. The efficacy and safety of CDNs suggest the potential clinical relevance of this approach. Triple-negative breast cancer is inhibited by depleting mitochondrial copper in mice.

NATURE RESEARCH2020

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CD36-mediated metabolic adaptation supports regulatory T cell survival and function in tumors

Fabien Franco, Etienne Meylan

Depleting regulatory T cells (T-reg cells) to counteract immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment; however, autoimmunity due to systemic impairment of their suppressive function limits its therapeutic potential. Elucidating approaches that specifically disrupt intratumoral T-reg cells is direly needed for cancer immunotherapy. We found that CD36 was selectively upregulated in intrautumoral T-reg cells as a central metabolic modulator. CD36 fine-tuned mitochondrial fitness via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta signaling, programming T-reg cells to adapt to a lactic acid-enriched TME. Genetic ablation of Cd36 in T-reg cells suppressed tumor growth accompanied by a decrease in intratumoral T-reg cells and enhancement of antitumor activity in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes without disrupting immune homeostasis. Furthermore, CD36 targeting elicited additive antitumor responses with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy. Our findings uncover the unexplored metabolic adaptation that orchestrates the survival and functions of intratumoral T-reg cells, and the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway for reprogramming the TME. Tumor environments are highly acidic due to high concentrations of lactic acid. Ho and colleagues report that tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells adapt to this tumor environment by upregulating expression of CD36, which allows them to use fatty acids to fuel their metabolism.

NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP2020

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The three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They share a high degree of structural homology with all members of the superfamily, particularly in the DNA-binding domain and ligand- and cofactor-binding domain. Many cellular and systemic roles have been attributed to these receptors, reaching far beyond the stimulation of peroxisome proliferation in rodents after which they were initially named. PPARs exhibit broad, isotype-specific tissue expression patterns. PPARalpha is expressed at high levels in organs with significant catabolism of fatty acids. PPARbeta/delta has the broadest expression pattern, and the levels of expression in certain tissues depend on the extent of cell proliferation and differentiation. PPARgamma is expressed as two isoforms, of which PPARgamma2 is found at high levels in the adipose tissues, whereas PPARgamma1 has a broader expression pattern. Transcriptional regulation by PPARs requires heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). When activated by a ligand, the dimer modulates transcription via binding to a specific DNA sequence element called a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) in the promoter region of target genes. A wide variety of natural or synthetic compounds was identified as PPAR ligands. Among the synthetic ligands, the lipid-lowering drugs, fibrates, and the insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones, are PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists, respectively, which underscores the important role of PPARs as therapeutic targets. Transcriptional control by PPAR/RXR heterodimers also requires interaction with coregulator complexes. Thus, selective action of PPARs in vivo results from the interplay at a given time point between expression levels of each of the three PPAR and RXR isotypes, affinity for a specific promoter PPRE, and ligand and cofactor availabilities.

2006

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