Concept
Renforcement
Concepts associés (41)
Manipulation mentale
vignette|upright=1.0|Vue d'artiste de la coercition et du lavage de cerveau. Une manipulation mentale ou manipulation psychologique est une méthode délibérément mise en œuvre dans le but de contrôler ou influencer la pensée, les choix, les actions d'une personne, via un rapport de pouvoir ou d'influence (suggestions, contraintes). Les méthodes utilisées faussent ou orientent la perception de la réalité de l'interlocuteur en usant notamment d'un rapport de séduction, de suggestion, de persuasion, de soumission non volontaire ou consentie.
Behavior modification
Behavior modification is an early approach that used respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior. Based on methodological behaviorism, overt behavior was modified with consequences, including positive and negative reinforcement contingencies to increase desirable behavior, or administering positive and negative punishment and/or extinction to reduce problematic behavior. It also used Flooding desensitization to combat phobias.
Aversives
In psychology, aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior via negative reinforcement or positive punishment. By applying an aversive immediately before or after a behavior the likelihood of the target behavior occurring in the future is reduced. Aversives can vary from being slightly unpleasant or irritating to physically, psychologically and/or emotionally damaging. It is not the level of unpleasantness or intention that defines something as an aversive, but rather the level of effectiveness the unpleasant event has on changing (decreasing) behavior.
Pharmacodépendance
La pharmacodépendance est un état psychique et parfois physique, résultant de l'interaction entre un organisme vivant et une substance, caractérisé par des réponses comportementales et autres qui comportent toujours une compulsion à prendre la substance de façon continue ou périodique afin d'en ressentir de nouveau ses effets psychiques (perçus comme agréables) et parfois pour éviter l'inconfort de son absence (ou "manque"). (Syndrome de sevrage) La compulsion est une pulsion irrésistible à accomplir un acte : contre sa raison et contre sa volonté.
Radical behaviorism
Radical behaviorism is a "philosophy of the science of behavior" developed by B. F. Skinner. It refers to the philosophy behind behavior analysis, and is to be distinguished from methodological behaviorism—which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors—by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of human and animal psychology. The research in behavior analysis is called the experimental analysis of behavior and the application of the field is called applied behavior analysis (ABA), which was originally termed "behavior modification.
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS, also known as a "cue") that has been associated with rewarding or aversive stimuli via classical conditioning alters motivational salience and operant behavior. Two distinct forms of Pavlovian-instrumental transfer have been identified in humans and other animals – specific PIT and general PIT – with unique neural substrates mediating each type.
Observational learning
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social model such as a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher with surroundings. Particularly in childhood, a model is someone of authority or higher status in an environment.
Experimental analysis of behavior
The experimental analysis of behavior is a science that studies the behavior of individuals across a variety of species. A key early scientist was B. F. Skinner who discovered operant behavior, reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, contingencies of reinforcement, stimulus control, shaping, intermittent schedules, discrimination, and generalization. A central method was the examination of functional relations between environment and behavior, as opposed to hypothetico-deductive learning theory that had grown up in the comparative psychology of the 1920–1950 period.
Persuasion
La persuasion est l'action d'amener quelqu'un à croire ou à faire quelque chose, , c'est-à-dire, sans recours à la force ni à ses substituts, menace, chantage, dilemme. Quand la persuasion concerne les idées, c'est une forme volontaire de l'influence. Les anciens, d'Isocrate à Aristote et Cicéron, ont défini la rhétorique comme l'art de convaincre et de persuader. Des auteurs classiques à partir de l'humaniste Ramus au ont distingué persuader de convaincre, la persuasion ajoutant à la conviction par la dialectique, l'idée d'un sentiment actif excité dans l'âme de l'auditeur.
Saillance motivationnelle
La saillance motivationnelle est un processus cognitif et une forme d'attention qui motive ou propulse le comportement d'un individu vers ou loin d'un objet particulier, d'un événement ou d'un résultat perçu. La saillance motivationnelle régule l'intensité des comportements qui facilitent la réalisation d'un objectif particulier, la quantité de temps et d'énergie qu'un individu est prêt à consacrer pour atteindre un objectif particulier, et la quantité de risque qu'un individu est prêt à accepter tout en travaillant pour atteindre un objectif particulier.