Real estate development

Résumé

Real estate development, or property development, is a business process, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of developed land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property. Real estate development is different from construction or housebuilding, although many developers also manage the construction process or engage in housebuilding. Developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, develop projects in joint ventures, and create, imagine, control, and orchestrate the process of development from beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real estate and receive the greatest rewards. Typically, developers purchase a tract of land, determine the marketing of the property, develop the building p

Source officielle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_development

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Technologie du Bâti V aborde le bâtiment comme un système d'opérations techniques et culturelles invoquant des choix liés à l'environnement, au matériau, à la structure, et au montage. L'objectif du cours est d'amener les étudiants à acquérir des compétences sur la conception critique du bâtiment.

Les étudiants comprennent les problématiques principales du développement territorial. Les outils d'aménagement du territoire (du niveau fédéral au niveau communal) leur sont familiers. Ils connaissent les démarches foncières ainsi que les aspects financiers relatifs à un projet territorial.

Ce cours a pour objectif de familiariser les étudiants à la sociologie urbaine et aux outils qu'elle propose pour décrire et analyser l'articulation des enjeux spatiaux, sociaux et politiques. Il est consacré cette année à la question de l'habitat.

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Durability and fatigue performance of a typical cold-curing structural adhesive in bridge construction

Maria Savvilotidou

The science of adhesives and adhesion for structural connections has undergone significant development during the last few decades - and successfully so in a wide variety of industries. Recent applications of structural bonding are being adopted in the construction sector, and particularly in bridge engineering for the rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structures or new constructions. Knowledge concerning structural bonding, however, is rarely specifically intended for the civil engineering domain, where, unlike in aerospace and automotive applications, in situ conditions involve the manufacturing control of often large bonding surfaces and use of cold-curing adhesives, particularly epoxy-based, under uncontrolled weather conditions. Various environmental factors may influence the durability of a bonded bridge connection throughout the long-term service life, with concurrent effects on the development of the physical and mechanical properties of the adhesive that participates in the structural integrity of the joint. In parallel, the curing degree of cold-curing adhesives, which is not completely developed particularly in the earlier age, continues to govern both the physical and mechanical responses of the adhesive. Despite a significant amount of current research on the long-term characterization of cold-curing structural adhesives, precise information concerning the reliability of these materials over their long-term service life, of up to 100 years in the case of bridge applications, is yet to be compiled in order to encourage their wider use by bridge engineers. The objective of this work, based on an extensive experimental campaign followed by analytical and numerical approaches, has therefore been to investigate the long-term effects of curing and aging on the property development of a cold-curing epoxy adhesive under exposure to environmental and cyclic mechanical actions like those typically encountered in bridge applications. Investigations have been conducted concerning adhesive exposures under dry conditions, in normal cases of sealed bridge joints, and wet conditions, when the sealing is distorted or the adherends are permeable, or cases of alkaline attacks when the adhesive is in contact with cementitious substrates. Physical aging (densification) in the earlier age and curing continuation in the later age govern the physical and mechanical property development in the case of dry environments, while curing effects are compensated by plasticization in the later age in wet environments. A 30% reduction of the tensile E-modulus and strength over a 100-year life in immersed conditions has been predicted, but is found to be fully reversible upon drying. The adhesiveâs exposure to alkaline solutions had no detrimental effect. The adhesive environmentally aged over periods of up to 100 years by accelerated conditioning is capable of attaining fatigue lives of ca. 10 million cycles, typical for a bridge lifetime, without failure at maximum cyclic stress levels of higher than 5 MPa. The results of this study are implemented in bridge design concepts and practical recommendations are provided. The moisture ingress into the adhesive layer of two typical bridge joints has been numerically investigated and the corresponding degradation of mechanical properties is derived. Depending on the joint type, this effect may be critical, as for example in the case of the thin bondlines of CFRP strengthening elements.

EPFL2017

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Establishing building environmental targets to implement a low carbon objective at the district level: methodology and case study

Thomas Bernard Paul Jusselme

To face climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets are specified into national policies. In France, the objective is to divide by 4 (Factor 4) the GHG emissions by 2050 comparing to 1990. The built environment, as a main contributor, is targeted by these policies: the future 2020 French regulation will set up GHG emissions targets for the building life cycle. However, the implementation of this regulation and its labels into real-estate development is challenging because it is uncorrelated to factor 4, architectural and technical constraints due to these labels are yet unknown and targets are defined at building scale and not at the district scale. This paper offers some answers to this challenges based on a case study from a real estate developer who wanted to implement a 2025 objective to a new district in Lyon, France. It was done thanks to a review on Factor 4 and labels' history, on calculation of GHG emissions from 1990s building and objectives for 2050 and illustration of labels' constraints. Finally, objectives were allocated at building scale to meet the overall district ambition.

2017

Chargement

The international greenhouse gas agreements call for mitigations in the building industry. Thus, the number of scientific publications about life-cycle performance assessment (LCPA) follows an exponential trend since the 2000s. However, previous surveys highlighted that the use of these methods is still not a common practice. Hence, it is of primary importance to understand the gap between the research intensity, and its low-benefits on the practice. To that end, a set of questions has been compiled and spread as an online survey targeting architects and engineers at the European scale. Thanks to 500 answers, three major obstacles have been highlighted. First, there is a clear lack of demand from real estate developers in a context where there is no lifecycle performance regulation yet. Second, the high cost of the use of LCPA methods disqualifies their use at early design, where the financial risk is at its highest level. Last, there are collaboration issues between architects and engineers, decreasing the LCPA benefits. In addition to previous surveys focusing on the scientific issues of the LCA methodology only, these results provide a unique user-centred knowledge for LCPA software and method developers.

2020

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Durability and fatigue performance of a typical cold-curing structural adhesive in bridge construction

Maria Savvilotidou

EPFL2017