Réaction d'hydratation

In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed industrially to produce ethanol, isopropanol, and butan-2-ol. Several million tons of ethylene glycol are produced annually by the hydration of oxirane, a cyclic compound also known as ethylene oxide: C2H4O + H2O → HO–CH2CH2–OH Acid catalysts are typically used. For the hydration of alkenes, the general chemical equation of the reaction is the following: RRC=CH2 + H2O → RRC(OH)-CH3 A hydroxyl group (OH−) attaches to one carbon of the double bond, and a proton (H+) adds to the other. The reaction is highly exothermic. In the first step, the alkene acts as a nucleophile and attacks the proton, following Markovnikov's rule. In the second step an H2O molecule bonds to the other, more highly substituted carbon. The oxygen atom at this point has three bonds and carries a positive charge (i.e., the molecule is an oxonium). Another water molecule comes along and takes up the extra proton. This reaction tends to yield many undesirable side products, (for example diethyl ether in the process of creating ethanol) and in its simple form described here is not considered very useful for the production of alcohol. Two approaches are taken. Traditionally the alkene is treated with sulfuric acid to give alkyl sulphate esters. In the case of ethanol production, this step can be written: H2SO4 + C2H4 → C2H5-O-SO3H Subsequently, this sulphate ester is hydrolyzed to regenerate sulphuric acid and release ethanol: C2H5-O-SO3H + H2O → H2SO4 + C2H5OH This two step route is called the "indirect process". In the "direct process," the acid protonates the alkene, and water reacts with this incipient carbocation to give the alcohol. The direct process is more popular because it is simpler. The acid catalysts include phosphoric acid and several solid acids.

Hydration and mixture design of calcined clay blended cements: review by the RILEM TC 282-CCL

Radical Alkynylations with EthynylBenziodoXolones: From Photocatalysis to Direct Excitation

Photocatalytic Umpolung of N- and O-substituted alkenes for the synthesis of 1,2-amino alcohols and diols

Photocatalytic Umpolung of N- and O-substituted alkenes for the synthesis of 1,2-amino alcohols and diols

Hydration and mixture design of calcined clay blended cements: review by the RILEM TC 282-CCL

Radical Alkynylations with EthynylBenziodoXolones: From Photocatalysis to Direct Excitation