Famillevignette|Le repas familial (gravure sur bois, ). vignette|La famille de Philippe V d'Espagne (en 1723). vignette|Le portrait de famille est une des formes picturales répandues d'abord dans les familles nobles puis chez les familles bourgeoises (ici la famille Souchay vers 1805). vignette|Un peu de conversation, huile sur toile de Lilly Martin Spencer, vers 1851-1852 vignette|Peinture à l'huile de Jean de Francqueville intitulée . thumb|Portrait d'un chef camerounais et de sa famille (entre 1910 et 1930).
Ambivalent prejudiceAmbivalent prejudice is a social psychological theory that states that, when people become aware that they have conflicting beliefs about an outgroup (a group of people that do not belong to an individual's own group), they experience an unpleasant mental feeling generally referred to as cognitive dissonance. These feelings are brought about because the individual on one hand believes in humanitarian virtues such as helping those in need, but on the other hand also believes in individualistic virtues such as working hard to improve one's life.
Benevolent prejudiceBenevolent prejudice is a superficially positive prejudice that is expressed in terms of positive beliefs and emotional responses, which are associated with hostile prejudices or result in keeping affected groups in inferior positions in society. Benevolent prejudice can be expressed towards those of different race, religion, ideology, country, sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity. Some of the earliest and most notable studies on benevolent prejudice were conducted by the researchers Susan Fiske and Peter Glick, with the primary focus of their research being the issue of sexism.
Minimal group paradigmThe minimal group paradigm is a method employed in social psychology. Although it may be used for a variety of purposes, it is best known as a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. Experiments using this approach have revealed that even arbitrary distinctions between groups, such as preferences for certain paintings, or the color of their shirts, can trigger a tendency to favor one's own group at the expense of others, even when it means sacrificing in-group gain.
Groupe socialvignette|Une famille Laponne en Norvège aux alentours de 1900. Un groupe est un ensemble de personnes ayant des caractéristiques ou des buts communs socialement partagés. Une prémisse à l'étude des groupes est de considérer que leurs propriétés sont distinctes de celles des individus qui les composent. Les groupes peuvent être en relation directe, vivre dans un même espace ou bien être complètement séparés. De nos jours, avec les moyens de transports et de communications modernes, les groupes sont presque tous indirectement en relation.
Psychologie socialeLa psychologie sociale est la branche de la psychologie expérimentale qui étudie de façon empirique comment « les pensées, les émotions et les comportements des individus sont influencés par la présence réelle, imaginaire ou implicite d'autres personnes ». Dans cette définition, proposée initialement en 1954 par Gordon Allport, les termes « présence imaginaire ou implicite » indiquent que l'influence sociale indirecte est possible, même en l'absence physique d'autres individus, par l’intermédiaire de normes sociales perçues ou intériorisées.
Dynamique de groupeLa dynamique de groupe est l'ensemble des phénomènes, mécanismes et processus psychiques et sociologiques qui émergent et se développent dans les groupes. Elle est du ressort de la psychologie sociale. Plus précisément, cette expression renvoie aux pratiques suivantes : l'étude (description et analyse) des mécanismes et processus spécifiques aux groupes l'intervention au sein de groupes dans le but de faciliter la compréhension des processus qui s'y développent, et ce afin de générer un changement qui aura des effets sur le groupe ou ses membres.
Social identity approach"Social identity approach" is an umbrella term designed to show that there are two methods used by academics to describe certain complex social phenomena- namely the dynamics between groups and individuals. Those two theoretical methods are called social identity theory and self-categorization theory. Experts describe them as two intertwined, but distinct, social psychological theories. The term "social identity approach" arose as an attempt to mitigate against the tendency to conflate the two theories, as well as the tendency to mistakenly believe one theory to be a component of the other.
Hostile prejudiceHostile prejudice is the outward expression of hate for people of a different race, religion, ideology, country, sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity. Anyone who goes against specific criteria of dress, cultural or moral beliefs, or religious or political ideologies are subject to hostile racism. This racism often leads to direct discrimination to anyone who does not fit the prejudiced person's idea of a "normal" person.
Amity-enmity complexThe amity-enmity complex theory was introduced by Sir Arthur Keith in his work, A New Theory of Human Evolution (1948). He posited that humans evolved as differing races, tribes, and cultures, exhibiting patriotism, morality, leadership and nationalism. Those who belong are part of the in-group, and tolerated; all others are classed as out-group, and subject to hostility: "The code of enmity is a necessary part of the machinery of evolution. He who feels generous towards his enemy...
