Concept
Inférence statistique
Concepts associés (49)
Logarithmically concave function
In convex analysis, a non-negative function f : Rn → R+ is logarithmically concave (or log-concave for short) if its domain is a convex set, and if it satisfies the inequality for all x,y ∈ dom f and 0 < θ < 1. If f is strictly positive, this is equivalent to saying that the logarithm of the function, log ∘ f, is concave; that is, for all x,y ∈ dom f and 0 < θ < 1. Examples of log-concave functions are the 0-1 indicator functions of convex sets (which requires the more flexible definition), and the Gaussian function.
Survey sampling
In statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey. The term "survey" may refer to many different types or techniques of observation. In survey sampling it most often involves a questionnaire used to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people. Different ways of contacting members of a sample once they have been selected is the subject of survey data collection.
Exponential dispersion model
In probability and statistics, the class of exponential dispersion models (EDM) is a set of probability distributions that represents a generalisation of the natural exponential family. Exponential dispersion models play an important role in statistical theory, in particular in generalized linear models because they have a special structure which enables deductions to be made about appropriate statistical inference. There are two versions to formulate an exponential dispersion model.
Bruno de Finetti
Bruno de Finetti (13 juin 1906 - 20 juillet 1985) est un statisticien et actuaire italien, connu pour sa conception « opérationnelle subjective » de la probabilité. L'exposition classique de sa théorie distinctive est La prévision : ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives de 1937 qui a discuté des probabilités fondées sur la cohérence des cotes des paris et les conséquences de l' échange. De Finetti naît à Innsbruck, Autriche. Il étudie les mathématiques à l'École polytechnique de Milan.
Predictive modelling
Predictive modelling uses statistics to predict outcomes. Most often the event one wants to predict is in the future, but predictive modelling can be applied to any type of unknown event, regardless of when it occurred. For example, predictive models are often used to detect crimes and identify suspects, after the crime has taken place. In many cases, the model is chosen on the basis of detection theory to try to guess the probability of an outcome given a set amount of input data, for example given an email determining how likely that it is spam.
Fonction de répartition empirique
En statistiques, une fonction de répartition empirique est une fonction de répartition qui attribue la probabilité 1/n à chacun des n nombres dans un échantillon. Soit X,...,X un échantillon de variables iid définies sur un espace de probabilité , à valeurs dans , avec pour fonction de répartition F. La fonction de répartition empirique de l'échantillon est définie par : où est la fonction indicatrice de l'événement A. Pour chaque ω, l'application est une fonction en escalier, fonction de répartition de la loi de probabilité uniforme sur l'ensemble .
Statistical assumption
Statistics, like all mathematical disciplines, does not infer valid conclusions from nothing. Inferring interesting conclusions about real statistical populations almost always requires some background assumptions. Those assumptions must be made carefully, because incorrect assumptions can generate wildly inaccurate conclusions. Here are some examples of statistical assumptions: Independence of observations from each other (this assumption is an especially common error). Independence of observational error from potential confounding effects.
Alternative hypothesis
In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis is one of the proposed proposition in the hypothesis test. In general the goal of hypothesis test is to demonstrate that in the given condition, there is sufficient evidence supporting the credibility of alternative hypothesis instead of the exclusive proposition in the test (null hypothesis). It is usually consistent with the research hypothesis because it is constructed from literature review, previous studies, etc.
Exchangeable random variables
In statistics, an exchangeable sequence of random variables (also sometimes interchangeable) is a sequence X1, X2, X3, ... (which may be finitely or infinitely long) whose joint probability distribution does not change when the positions in the sequence in which finitely many of them appear are altered. Thus, for example the sequences both have the same joint probability distribution. It is closely related to the use of independent and identically distributed random variables in statistical models.
Données manquantes
En statistiques, les données manquantes ou les valeurs manquantes se produisent lorsqu’aucune valeur de données n’est représentée pour une variable pour une observation donnée. Les données manquantes sont courantes et peuvent avoir un effet significatif sur l'inférence, les performances de prédiction ou toute autre utilisation faite avec les données. Des données manquantes peuvent exister dans les données en raison d'une « omission de réponse » pour l'observation donnée.