Restatements of the LawIn American jurisprudence, the Restatements of the Law are a set of treatises on legal subjects that seek to inform judges and lawyers about general principles of common law. There are now four series of Restatements, all published by the American Law Institute, an organization of judges, legal academics, and practitioners founded in 1923. Individual Restatement volumes are essentially compilations of case law, which are common law judge-made doctrines that develop gradually over time because of the principle of stare decisis (precedent).
Quasi-délit en droit civil françaisLe quasi-délit est une notion juridique qui désigne une faute. Ce terme désigne un fait par lequel une personne, sans malignité, mais par une imprudence inexcusable, cause un tort à une autre personne. Le quasi-délit est donc un fait non intentionnel qui cause à autrui un dommage et qui crée une obligation de le réparer. Quasi-délit en droit romain En droit romain la responsabilité contractuelle est distinguée de la responsabilité quasi-délictuelle du fait d’autrui.
Malicious prosecutionMalicious prosecution is a common law intentional tort. Like the tort of abuse of process, its elements include (1) intentionally (and maliciously) instituting and pursuing (or causing to be instituted or pursued) a legal action (civil or criminal) that is (2) brought without probable cause and (3) dismissed in favor of the victim of the malicious prosecution. In some jurisdictions, the term "malicious prosecution" denotes the wrongful initiation of criminal proceedings, while the term "malicious use of process" denotes the wrongful initiation of civil proceedings.
Loi de réceptionUne loi de réception est une loi adoptée par les anciennes colonies britanniques devenues indépendantes, par laquelle une nouvelle nation adopte (i.e. reçoit), avant son indépendance, le droit anglais, dans la mesure où il n’est pas rejeté par la législature ou la constitution de la nouvelle nation. Les lois de réceptions incorpore généralement la common law anglaise en vigueur avant l'indépendance, et la jurisprudence qui en est issue, comme droit par défaut, car cela permet d'utiliser un important apport légal afin de gouverner la conduite des citoyens et des affaires dans le nouvel État.
Trespass on the caseThe writs of trespass and trespass on the case are the two catchall torts from English common law, the former involving trespass against the person, the latter involving trespass against anything else which may be actionable. The writ is also known in modern times as action on the case and can be sought for any action that may be considered as a tort but is yet to be an established category. Trespass and trespass on the case, or "case", began as personal remedies in the royal courts in London in the 13th century.
Volenti non fit injuriaVolenti non fit iniuria (or injuria) (Latin: "to a willing person, injury is not done") is a common law doctrine which states that if someone willingly places themselves in a position where harm might result, knowing that some degree of harm might result, they are not able to bring a claim against the other party in tort or delict. Volenti applies only to the risk which a reasonable person would consider them as having assumed by their actions; thus a boxer consents to being hit, and to the injuries that might be expected from being hit, but does not consent to (for example) his opponent striking him with an iron bar, or punching him outside the usual terms of boxing.
Battery (crime)Battery is a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault, which is the act of creating apprehension of such contact. Battery is a specific common law offense, although the term is used more generally to refer to any unlawful offensive physical contact with another person. Battery is defined by American common law as "any unlawful and or unwanted touching of the person of another by the aggressor, or by a substance put in motion by them".
Champerty and maintenanceChamperty and maintenance are doctrines in common law jurisdictions that aim to preclude frivolous litigation: Maintenance is the intermeddling of a disinterested party to encourage a lawsuit. It is: "A taking in hand, a bearing up or upholding of quarrels or sides, to the disturbance of the common right." Champerty (from Old French champart) is the financial support, by a party not naturally concerned in the suit, of a plaintiff that allows them to prosecute a lawsuit on condition that, if it be brought to a successful issue, the plaintiff will repay them with a share of the proceed from the suit.
Police d'assuranceUne police d'assurance est un document remis par un assureur qui détaille les modalités d'un contrat d'assurance. En droit québécois, la police d'assurance n'est pas la même chose que le contrat d'assurance, puisqu'en vertu de l'article 2398 du Code civil du Québec, le contrat d’assurance est formé dès que l’assureur accepte la proposition du preneur. La formation du contrat survient généralement lors d'une conversation téléphonique entre l'assureur et l'assuré, lorsque ceux-ci s'entendent verbalement sur le contenu du contrat d'assurance.
Respondeat superiorRespondeat superior (Latin: "let the master answer"; plural: respondeant superiores) is a doctrine that a party is responsible for (and has vicarious liability for) acts of their agents. For example, in the United States, there are circumstances when an employer is liable for acts of employees performed within the course of their employment. This rule is also called the master-servant rule, recognized in both common law and civil law jurisdictions. In a broader scope, respondeat superior is based upon the concept of vicarious liability.
