StructureA structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals and chemicals. Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form. Types of structure include a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships), a network featuring many-to-many links, or a lattice featuring connections between components that are neighbors in space.
Architecture d'un systèmeL'architecture d'un système est un modèle conceptuel d'un système qui décrit ses propriétés externes et internes et la manière dont elles se projettent dans ses éléments, leurs relations et les principes de conception et d'évolution du système .
Grey box modelIn mathematics, statistics, and computational modelling, a grey box model combines a partial theoretical structure with data to complete the model. The theoretical structure may vary from information on the smoothness of results, to models that need only parameter values from data or existing literature. Thus, almost all models are grey box models as opposed to black box where no model form is assumed or white box models that are purely theoretical. Some models assume a special form such as a linear regression or neural network.
Scientific theoryA scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results. Where possible, theories are tested under controlled conditions in an experiment. In circumstances not amenable to experimental testing, theories are evaluated through principles of abductive reasoning.
Systems modelingSystems modeling or system modeling is the interdisciplinary study of the use of models to conceptualize and construct systems in business and IT development. A common type of systems modeling is function modeling, with specific techniques such as the Functional Flow Block Diagram and IDEF0. These models can be extended using functional decomposition, and can be linked to requirements models for further systems partition.
Model selectionModel selection is the task of selecting a model from among various candidates on the basis of performance criterion to choose the best one. In the context of learning, this may be the selection of a statistical model from a set of candidate models, given data. In the simplest cases, a pre-existing set of data is considered. However, the task can also involve the design of experiments such that the data collected is well-suited to the problem of model selection.
Space mappingThe space mapping methodology for modeling and design optimization of engineering systems was first discovered by John Bandler in 1993. It uses relevant existing knowledge to speed up model generation and design optimization of a system. The knowledge is updated with new validation information from the system when available. The space mapping methodology employs a "quasi-global" formulation that intelligently links companion "coarse" (ideal or low-fidelity) and "fine" (practical or high-fidelity) models of different complexities.
Visualisation scientifiqueLa visualisation scientifique, ou l’usage de graphiques scientifiques, est l'étude et/ou la réalisation de la représentation sous forme graphique de résultats scientifiques. Cette visualisation est donc intimement liée aux sciences et à l'informatique. Il existe une gamme complète de matériels destinés à la visualisation scientifique. Il existe sur le marché des postes personnels de type PC équipé avec une ou plusieurs cartes graphiques permettant de faire de la visualisation scientifique.
Abduction (logique)L'abduction (du latin « abductio » : emmener) est un type de raisonnement consistant à inférer des causes probables à un fait observé. Autrement dit, il s'agit d'établir une cause la plus vraisemblable à un fait constaté et d'affirmer, à titre d'hypothèse de travail, que le fait en question résulte probablement de cette cause. Par exemple, en médecine, l’abduction est utilisée pour faire des diagnostics.
