Scientific theory

A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results. Where possible, theories are tested under controlled conditions in an experiment. In circumstances not amenable to experimental testing, theories are evaluated through principles of abductive reasoning. Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge. A scientific theory differs from a scientific fact or scientific law in that a theory explains "why" or "how": a fact is a simple, basic observation, whereas a law is a statement (often a mathematical equation) about a relationship between facts and/or other laws. For example, Newton’s Law of Gravity is a mathematical equation that can be used to predict the attraction between bodies, but it is not a theory

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Is intelligent design a scientific theory?

Keishi Nishida, Erol Can Ün

2011

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The early German production and use of modern hydraulic binders: between English influences and the search for a scientific approach, 1817-1839

Salvatore Aprea

The interest of German building masters towards hydraulic binders grows at the third decade of the 19th century. This acute interest is stimulated by the import of «Roman Cement» from England and by the acquisition of the knowledge related to it. The dissertation examines the historical events related to the introduction of «Roman Cement» in Germany. It takes into account the simultaneous search for a German way to the development of hydraulic binders based on scientific theories rather than on empirical experiences. Two geographic areas are identified. The East-North-Central States, where the production of cement starts by the end of the 1820s in imitation of «Roman Cement». The South-West-Central States, where the production of hydraulic lime starts by the early 1830s as implementation of German scientific studies about lime and mortar, not as imitation of «Roman Cement». Data and facts have been collected from the 19th century technical literature, books, periodicals, pamphlets, and from archival sources. This dissertation belongs to the literature concerning the early development of German hydraulic binders in the 19th century. Nevertheless, while most of studies focus on regional subjects and claim that the German industry of «Roman Cement» arises by the 1830s even in the South of the country, this dissertation ranges over a wider geographical scale, it evaluates different inputs and shows that, in the South of the country, the production of hydraulic lime arises by the 1830s and represents the root of the peculiar German scientific approach to the production and use of modern hydraulic binders.

Construction History Society2014

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The early German production and use of modern hydraulic binders: between English influences and the search for a scientific approach, 1817-1839

Salvatore Aprea

2014

Chargement

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Une théorie (du grec theoria, « contempler, observer, examiner ») est un ensemble cohérent, si elle prétend à la scientificité, d'explications, de notions ou d'idées sur un sujet précis, pouvant inclu

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