Pensée

Résumé

Au sens large du terme, penser est une activité psychique, consciente dans son ensemble (mais parfois incontrôlée), qui recouvre les processus par lesquels sont élaborées, en réponse aux perceptions venues des sens, la synthèse des images et des sensations réelles et imaginaires qui produisent les concepts que l'être humain associe pour apprendre, créer, agir et communiquer dans la réalité. Étymologie Penser vient du bas latin « pensare » (en latin classique : peser, comparer), fréquentatif du verbe « pendere » : peser. Définition Le TLFi définit la pensée comme "[e]nsemble des facultés psychologiques tant affectives qu'intellectuelles." En philosophie Noûs Dans Le Sophiste, Platon définit la pensée comme (263 d et sq., trad. Chambry). Et dans le Théétète, il l'avait déjà définie comme (189 e et sq, trad. Chambry). La caractéristique essentielle de la pensée est donc la réflexivité ("avec elle-même", "à elle-même"). En psychiatrie Tro

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Lieu hologrammatique, un concept et une méthodologie complexe de mesure de l'organisation spatiale des réalités sociales

Thibault Pierre Louis Romany

The urban is a complex phenomenon whose exploration remains a important scientific challenge. Choosing complex thought in order to renew our capacities for understanding and action on and with the urban is not trivial. The complex thought developed by Edgar Morin is as elegant as elusive. The social sciences of space developed by Jacques Lévy and Michel Lussault have contributed to the renewal of the space's place to understand the inhabited. The objective of this thesis is to articulate these two constructivist approaches, in order to achieve a higher level of synthesis regarding the understanding and measure of the social construction of inhabited space. The thesis consists in three parts :

the epistemological challenge : how to enagage with a complex problem ?
the theoretical challenge : how to appreciate the social construction of space in order to measure an urban substance ?
the methodological challenge : how to measure this substance ? Based on reflections concerning measuring urbanity, I propose a generalization to that of the spatialization of social realities. By translating the notions of metric, scale and place, the author's work leads to the proposal of an indisciplinary concept and methodology for measuring the spatialization of social realities: the hologrammatic place. The thesis defended is that such conceptualization allows us to identify boundaries of places by their emergence. Such an a posteriori identification allows the establishment not of an indicator, but of a measure of the spatialization of social realities. This research contribute to the renewal of urban planning methodologies toward the establishment of a complex methodology that makes conceivable a relative and relational urbanism.

EPFL2020

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El Portico de los Huéspedes is a pedagogical, design-research project that tests the possibility of an open-ended architecture, where duration links between past and future. It is a work of architecture as becoming: ‘work’ meaning the structure, rhythms and strategies of the effort, and ‘work’ as El Portico itself, which, in every instance, is a calling forth of what has taken place towards what could yet be. The project began in 2014 on lands along the Pacific coast of Chile and continues at annual intervals each August. The starting point was a volume defined by Gunnar Asplund’s Woodland Chapel. This volume acted as a trace that measured the landscape and allowed us to forego formal questions; the work became instead a constructive problem of erecting and articulating the volume. The project’s development from this beginning has not been determined by a fixed set of drawings. Instead, each year, the work begins anew when students encounter El Portico and the traces of time, labor, craft and thought left by those before them. Students are given a task (a plaza, walls, an enclosure, columns, a floor) that leads the project towards some additional possibility of appropriation. Working on these tasks, they draw, model and build full-scale mock-ups to test possibilities. They work in spaces nearby or, in recent years, bring drawing tables and tools under the completed roof working with the wind and winter sun. In the first year, students defined the site and erected a structural frame on wooden piles founded into the sand. The following summer, a brick plaza tied El Portico into the landscape; a secondary roof structure, also built the second year, was clad the third using inexpensive wooden siding disposed in four waterproof layers. The fourth year, three wall fragments began to suggest enclosure. This past year -- the fifth -- a possibility for habitation: an inside defined by a concave wall punctured with lean windows; a locking door, a finished floor of wood and concrete and a brick plaza just outside. In intervals between each August, other teams of students led by partners in Chile intervened: a field of concrete columns cast with fabric formwork; wooden ribs and a concrete slab that formed the shell of the wing completed this past year. The fixed nature of the tasks, rudimentary tools and the short, three-week period generate an intensity. On-site discussions of tests made in different modes and at various scales guide decisions. These decisions are also informed by the traces of the past manifest by El Portico as it is encountered in every moment, and by the work students know will continue in the years to come, by other hands; it is with this knowledge that the project is able to transmit an understanding of architecture that links past to future, bringing into presence the uncertain and open-ended potential of the life of a work and its fragility as a human endeavor.

Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture2019

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Energy Saving and Capacity Gain of Micro Sites in Regular LTE Networks: Downlink Traffic Layer Analysis

Ramin Khalili, Jean-Yves Le Boudec, Teklemariam Tsegay Tesfay

We study the effect of deployment of low cost, low power micro base stations along with macro base stations on energy consumption and capacity of downlink LTE. [1] studied this problem, using spectral area efficiency as the performance metric. We show that the analysis proposed in [1] is inaccurate as the traffic layer specifications of LTE networks is not included in the analysis. We also investigate the effect of user association and frequency band allocation schemes on energy consumption and capacity of LTE networks. Specifically, we add the following three important elements to the analysis proposed in [1]: a traffic layer analysis that take both the physical and traffic layer specifications of LTE downlink into account; a threshold-based policy to optimally associate users to base stations; and an allocation scheme to better allocate the frequency band to macro and micro base stations. We investigate all combinations of these elements through numerical evaluation and observe that 1. there are important differences between traffic layer and physical layer analysis, 2. threshold-based user association policy improve the traffic capacity of the network by up to 33% without affecting the energy profile of the network, and 3. considerable energy saving and capacity gain can be achieved thought a careful allocation of the frequency band to macro and micro base stations. Finally, we determine the optimal network configuration and show that up to 46% saving in energy can be achieved compared to the case that no micro base stations are deployed in the network.

Acm Order Department, P O Box 64145, Baltimore, Md 21264 Usa2011

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Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture2019