Classe de Pontriaguine

In mathematics, the Pontryagin classes, named after Lev Pontryagin, are certain characteristic classes of real vector bundles. The Pontryagin classes lie in cohomology groups with degrees a multiple of four. Given a real vector bundle E over M, its k-th Pontryagin class is defined as where: denotes the -th Chern class of the complexification of E, is the -cohomology group of M with integer coefficients. The rational Pontryagin class is defined to be the image of in , the -cohomology group of M with rational coefficients. The total Pontryagin class is (modulo 2-torsion) multiplicative with respect to Whitney sum of vector bundles, i.e., for two vector bundles E and F over M. In terms of the individual Pontryagin classes pk, and so on. The vanishing of the Pontryagin classes and Stiefel–Whitney classes of a vector bundle does not guarantee that the vector bundle is trivial. For example, up to vector bundle isomorphism, there is a unique nontrivial rank 10 vector bundle over the 9-sphere. (The clutching function for arises from the homotopy group .) The Pontryagin classes and Stiefel-Whitney classes all vanish: the Pontryagin classes don't exist in degree 9, and the Stiefel–Whitney class w9 of E10 vanishes by the Wu formula w9 = w1w8 + Sq1(w8). Moreover, this vector bundle is stably nontrivial, i.e. the Whitney sum of E10 with any trivial bundle remains nontrivial. Given a 2k-dimensional vector bundle E we have where e(E) denotes the Euler class of E, and denotes the cup product of cohomology classes. As was shown by Shiing-Shen Chern and André Weil around 1948, the rational Pontryagin classes can be presented as differential forms which depend polynomially on the curvature form of a vector bundle. This Chern–Weil theory revealed a major connection between algebraic topology and global differential geometry. For a vector bundle E over a n-dimensional differentiable manifold M equipped with a connection, the total Pontryagin class is expressed as where Ω denotes the curvature form, and H*dR(M) denotes the de Rham cohomology groups.