In the microelectronics industry, a semiconductor fabrication plant (commonly called a fab; sometimes foundry) is a factory for semiconductor device fabrication.
Fabs require many expensive devices to function. Estimates put the cost of building a new fab over one billion U.S. dollars with values as high as 3–4billionnotbeinguncommon.TSMCinvested9.3 billion in its Fab15 300 mm wafer manufacturing facility in Taiwan. The same company estimations suggest that their future fab might cost $20 billion. A foundry model emerged in the 1990s: Foundries that produced their own designs were known as integrated device manufacturers (IDMs). Companies that farmed out manufacturing of their designs to foundries were termed fabless semiconductor companies. Those foundries, which did not create their own designs, were called pure-play semiconductor foundries.
The central part of a fab is the clean room, an area where the environment is controlled to eliminate all dust, since even a single speck can ruin a microcircuit, which has nanoscale features much smaller than dust particles. The clean room must also be damped against vibration to enable nanometer-scale alignment of machines and must be kept within narrow bands of temperature and humidity. Vibration control may be achieved by using deep piles in the cleanroom's foundation that anchor the cleanroom to the bedrock, careful selection of the construction site, and/or using vibration dampers. Controlling temperature and humidity is critical for minimizing static electricity. Corona discharge sources can also be used to reduce static electricity. Often, a fab will be constructed in the following manner: (from top to bottom): the roof, which may contain air handling equipment that draws, purifies and cools outside air, an air plenum for distributing the air to several floor-mounted fan filter units, which are also part of the cleanroom's ceiling, the cleanroom itself, which may or may not have more than one story, a return air plenum, the clean subfab that may contain support equipment for the machines in the cleanroom such as chemical delivery, purification, recycling and destruction systems, and the ground floor, that may contain electrical equipment.
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Semiconductor consolidation is the trend of semiconductor companies collaborating in order to come to a practical synergy with the goal of being able to operate in a business model that can sustain profitability. Since the rapid adoption of the modern day chip in the 1960s, most companies involved in producing semiconductors were extremely vertically integrated. Semiconductor companies owned and operated their own fabrication plants and also the processing technologies that facilitated the creation of the chips.
droite|150px Le terme fabless, contraction des mots anglophones fabrication et less (sans usine, sans unité de fabrication), désigne une société qui conçoit ses produits et sous-traite l'intégralité de sa fabrication. Le modèle a d'abord été développé dans le secteur des semi-conducteurs puis s'est développé à tous les secteurs d'activité. Le terme fabless est introduit en 2001 lorsque Serge Tchuruk, dirigeant d'Alcatel, annonce une stratégie de cessions de ses centres de production pour se concentrer sur la conception de produits et la sous-traitance pour la fabrication.
Une fonderie (foundry en anglais) est, dans l'industrie électronique, une entreprise spécialisée dans la fabrication des dispositifs à semi-conducteurs, dont les puces électroniques et travaillant pour le compte d'autres entreprises spécialisées dans leur conception. L'usine de production est aussi couramment désignée sous le nom de fab (de l'anglais fabrication plant). Le cœur d'une « fab » réside dans sa salle blanche, une zone où l'environnement est contrôlé pour éviter toute micro-poussière et où la moindre micro-vibration est proscrite.
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