Concept
Transistor à effet de champ
Concepts associés (44)
Metal gate
A metal gate, in the context of a lateral metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) stack, is the gate electrode separated by an oxide from the transistor's channel – the gate material is made from a metal. In most MOS transistors since about the mid 1970s, the "M" for metal has been replaced by a non-metal gate material. The first MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) was made by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and demonstrated in 1960. They used silicon as channel material and a non-self-aligned aluminum gate.
Liaison pendante
Une liaison pendante (dangling bond en anglais) est une valence non satisfaite sur un atome d'une substance à l'état solide. On observe de telles liaisons pendantes notamment à l'interface entre phases différentes, typiquement sur les surfaces des matériaux ainsi que dans des phases amorphes, comme dans le silicium amorphe, mais elles existent également sous forme de défauts ponctuels au sein de phases cristallines.
History of the transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit. In the common case, the third terminal controls the flow of current between the other two terminals. This can be used for amplification, as in the case of a radio receiver, or for rapid switching, as in the case of digital circuits. The transistor replaced the vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, which was much larger in size and used significantly more power to operate.
Threshold voltage
The threshold voltage, commonly abbreviated as Vth or VGS(th), of a field-effect transistor (FET) is the minimum gate-to-source voltage (VGS) that is needed to create a conducting path between the source and drain terminals. It is an important scaling factor to maintain power efficiency. When referring to a junction field-effect transistor (JFET), the threshold voltage is often called pinch-off voltage instead.
Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor
L’ISFET, ou Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistor, est un type de transistor à effet de champ dont la broche gate est sensible aux variations de concentration en ions. Sa principale utilisation est la mesure du pH. La broche gate est réalisée dans un matériau sensible à la concentration en ion hydrogène, ce qui fait varier la tension de seuil en conséquence. En pratique il s'agit de nitrure de silicium (SiN) ou d'oxyde d'aluminium (AlO) ou de tantale (TaO).
Montage cascode
Le montage cascode, à ne pas confondre avec le montage en cascade, associe deux transistors de caractéristiques différentes (ils peuvent être tous deux bipolaires, tous deux à effet de champ, ou un de chaque). Chaque transistor apporte dans le montage un avantage propre (rapidité pour l'un, sensibilité à la lumière ou capacité de supporter une tension élevée pour l'autre). Le cascode permet de combiner les avantages de chacun dans l'hybride. Dans le cascode, les deux transistors sont montés en série, c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont traversés par le même courant.
Depletion and enhancement modes
In field-effect transistors (FETs), depletion mode and enhancement mode are two major transistor types, corresponding to whether the transistor is in an on state or an off state at zero gate–source voltage. Enhancement-mode MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor FETs) are the common switching elements in most integrated circuits. These devices are off at zero gate–source voltage. NMOS can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage higher than the source voltage, PMOS can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage lower than the source voltage.
Bascule (circuit logique)
Une bascule est un circuit logique capable, dans certaines circonstances, de maintenir les valeurs de ses sorties malgré les changements de valeurs d'entrées, c'est-à-dire comportant un état « mémoire ». Il s'agit de l'élément qui permet le passage de la logique combinatoire à la logique séquentielle. On distingue deux catégories principales de bascules dans un système séquentiel : les bascules asynchrones et les bascules synchrones.
Ballistic conduction
In mesoscopic physics, ballistic conduction (ballistic transport) is the unimpeded flow (or transport) of charge carriers (usually electrons), or energy-carrying particles, over relatively long distances in a material. In general, the resistivity of a material exists because an electron, while moving inside a medium, is scattered by impurities, defects, thermal fluctuations of ions in a crystalline solid, or, generally, by any freely-moving atom/molecule composing a gas or liquid.
Point-contact transistor
The point-contact transistor was the first type of transistor to be successfully demonstrated. It was developed by research scientists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Laboratories in December 1947. They worked in a group led by physicist William Shockley. The group had been working together on experiments and theories of electric field effects in solid state materials, with the aim of replacing vacuum tubes with a smaller device that consumed less power.