Échelles de modélisme ferroviaire

Rail transport modelling uses a variety of scales (ratio between the real world and the model) to ensure scale models look correct when placed next to each other. Model railway scales are standardized worldwide by many organizations and hobbyist groups. Some of the scales are recognized globally, while others are less widespread and, in many cases, virtually unknown outside their circle of origin. Scales may be expressed as a numeric ratio (e.g. 1/87 or 1:87) or as letters defined in rail transport modelling standards (e.g. HO, OO, N, O, G, TT and Z.) The majority of commercial model railway equipment manufacturers base their offerings on Normen Europäischer Modellbahnen (NEM) or National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) standards in most popular scales. Although scale and gauge are often confused, scale means the ratio between a unit of measurement on a model compared with a unit of measurement in corresponding full size prototype, while gauge is the distance between the two running rails of the track. About 60% of the world's railways have a track gauge of known as "standard gauge", but there are also narrow-gauge railways where the track gauge is less than standard and broad-gauge railways where the gauge is wider. In a similar manner, a scale model railway may have several track gauges in one scale. In addition to the scale and gauge issue, rail transport modelling standards are also applied to other attributes such as catenary, rolling stock wheel profile, loading gauge, curve radii and grades for slopes, to ensure interoperation of scale models produced by different manufacturers. Globally, the two dominating standard organizations are NMRA in North America and MOROP in Europe with their NEM standard. The first model railways were not built to any particular scale and were more like toys than miniature representations of the full size prototype. Eventually, the authenticity of models grew, and benefits of standardization became more obvious. The most significant and the most basic area of standardization was the model track gauge.

Data and scripts for the RaFSIP scheme

Athanasios Nenes, Paraskevi Georgakaki

This repository contains microphysics routines, scripts, and processed data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations presented in the paper "RaFSIP: Parameterizing ice multiplication in models using a machine learning approach", by ...

Zenodo2024

A VR-based workflow to assess perception of daylit views-out with a focus on dynamism and immersion

Marilyne Andersen, Caroline Karmann, Yunjoung Cho

Amongst the elements often overlooked in existing studies, dynamic movement and temporal changes in the content of views-out have been suggested to have a high potential to improve its perceived quality and occupant satisfaction. Moreover, in past and ongo ...

2023

Tone-mapping requirements in real-time videos for studying the dynamism of views-out in virtual reality

Marilyne Andersen, Caroline Karmann, Stephen William Wasilewski, Yunjoung Cho

Current view representation methods in VR predominantly rely on static photographs and tone-mapping operators without temporal variations, limiting the exploration of dynamic features in a view. This study presents an alternative workflow to capture dynami ...

2023