Nucleic acid structureNucleic acid structure refers to the structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Nucleic acid structure is often divided into four different levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Nucleic acid sequence Primary structure consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bond. It is this linear sequence of nucleotides that make up the primary structure of DNA or RNA.
Gene structureGene structure is the organisation of specialised sequence elements within a gene. Genes contain most of the information necessary for living cells to survive and reproduce. In most organisms, genes are made of DNA, where the particular DNA sequence determines the function of the gene. A gene is transcribed (copied) from DNA into RNA, which can either be non-coding (ncRNA) with a direct function, or an intermediate messenger (mRNA) that is then translated into protein.
Structure secondaire d'un acide nucléiquevignette|Représentation des structures des acides nucléiques (primaire, secondaire, tertiaire et quaternaire) schématisant des doubles hélices d'ADN et des exemples tels que le ribozyme VS, la télomérase et le nucléosome (PDB : ADNA, 1BNA, 4OCB, 4R4V, 1YMO, 1EQZ). La structure secondaire d'un acide nucléique correspond à la conformation obtenue par les interactions entre les paires de bases au sein d'un seul polymère d'acide nucléique ou bien entre deux de ces polymères.
Nucleic acid structure predictionNucleic acid structure prediction is a computational method to determine secondary and tertiary nucleic acid structure from its sequence. Secondary structure can be predicted from one or several nucleic acid sequences. Tertiary structure can be predicted from the sequence, or by comparative modeling (when the structure of a homologous sequence is known).
Structure de l'ARNthumb|right|300 px|Structure 3D d'un ARN régulateur (riboswitch) La structure de l'ARN décrit l'arrangement des paires de bases et de la conformation de l'ARN en trois dimensions. L'ARN étant trouvé le plus souvent sous forme de simple-brin dans la cellule, il se replie en effet sur lui-même en formant des appariements Watson-Crick intramoléculaires. Ceci conduit à la formation de régions localement en hélice et de régions en boucle où les bases ne sont pas appariées.
Nucleic acid structure determinationExperimental approaches of determining the structure of nucleic acids, such as RNA and DNA, can be largely classified into biophysical and biochemical methods. Biophysical methods use the fundamental physical properties of molecules for structure determination, including X-ray crystallography, NMR and cryo-EM. Biochemical methods exploit the chemical properties of nucleic acids using specific reagents and conditions to assay the structure of nucleic acids.
Super-famille de protéinesUne superfamille (ou super-famille) de protéines est le regroupement le plus large (clade) de protéines pour lesquelles il est possible d'identifier un ancêtre commun par homologie. Cet ancêtre commun est généralement déduit par et similitude mécanique, même lorsque aucune similitude entre les séquences n'est détectable. Les super-familles contiennent généralement plusieurs familles de protéines présentant des similitudes de séquences au sein de ces familles.
Nucleic acid designNucleic acid design is the process of generating a set of nucleic acid base sequences that will associate into a desired conformation. Nucleic acid design is central to the fields of DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing. It is necessary because there are many possible sequences of nucleic acid strands that will fold into a given secondary structure, but many of these sequences will have undesired additional interactions which must be avoided. In addition, there are many tertiary structure considerations which affect the choice of a secondary structure for a given design.
État natif (biochimie)vignette|Cys and Arg active site of ubiquitin activating enzyme. En biochimie, l'état natif d'une protéine est sa forme fonctionnelle ou opérative. Toutes les molécules de protéines sont des chaines linéaires d'acides aminés, mais c'est au moyen de leurs formes tridimensionnelles qu'elles sont capables de jouer leurs rôles biologiques. Les modifications de formes des protéines sont les causes primaires de maladies neurodégénératives, y compris celles causées par les prions ou encore l'amylose.
Sequence motifIn biology, a sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern that is widespread and usually assumed to be related to biological function of the macromolecule. For example, an N-glycosylation site motif can be defined as Asn, followed by anything but Pro, followed by either Ser or Thr, followed by anything but Pro residue. When a sequence motif appears in the exon of a gene, it may encode the "structural motif" of a protein; that is a stereotypical element of the overall structure of the protein.
