Complément d'objetvignette|Pour le complément d’objet direct on pose la question qui? Quoi? Mais en ceux qui concerne le complément d’objet indirect on pose la question À qui? À quoi? En grammaire, un complément d’objet est un syntagme qui vient donner une information sur le verbe. Il fait partie du prédicat et est qualifié d’essentiel. On distingue deux formes de compléments d’objet : le complément d'objet direct (COD), un groupe nominal ou son substitut ; le complément d'objet indirect (COI), un groupe prépositionnel ou son substitut, le complément d'objet second, un COI placé après un COD du même verbe.
SubcategorizationIn linguistics, subcategorization denotes the ability/necessity for lexical items (usually verbs) to require/allow the presence and types of the syntactic arguments with which they co-occur. For example, the word "walk" as in "X walks home" requires the noun-phrase X to be animate. The notion of subcategorization is similar to the notion of valency, although the two concepts (subcategorization and valency) stem from different traditions in the study of syntax and grammar.
Théorie X-barreLa théorie X-barre (notée X̅) a été proposée par Noam Chomsky en 1970 dans le cadre de la linguistique générative, et développée ensuite par Ray Jackendoff (1977). Elle permet d'imposer des restrictions sur la classe des catégories grammaticales possibles tout en permettant une mise en parallèle de ces dernières grâce à des métarègles (généralisation de plusieurs règles). Par extension, cette théorie prédit des catégories grammaticales non-marquées au contraire des catégories majeures (nom, verbe, adjectif et adverbe) : déterminant (Dét.
Noun phraseA noun phrase, or nominal (phrase), is a phrase that has a noun or pronoun as its head or performs the same grammatical function as a noun. Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type. Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions and as the complements of prepositions. Noun phrases can be embedded inside each other; for instance, the noun phrase some of his constituents contains the shorter noun phrase his constituents.
Phrase structure grammarThe term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammar studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. The defining trait of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars.
Transitive verbA transitive verb is a verb that accepts one or more objects, for example, 'to enjoy' in Donald enjoys music. This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects, for example, 'to arise' in Donald arose. Transitivity is traditionally thought of as a global property of a clause, by which activity is transferred from an agent to a patient. Transitive verbs can be classified by the number of objects they require. Verbs that accept only two arguments, a subject and a single direct object, are monotransitive.
Constituent (linguistics)In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The constituent structure of sentences is identified using tests for constituents. These tests apply to a portion of a sentence, and the results provide evidence about the constituent structure of the sentence. Many constituents are phrases. A phrase is a sequence of one or more words (in some theories two or more) built around a head lexical item and working as a unit within a sentence.
Intransitive verbIn grammar, an intransitive verb is a verb whose context does not entail a direct object. That lack of transitivity distinguishes intransitive verbs from transitive verbs, which entail one or more objects. Additionally, intransitive verbs are typically considered within a class apart from modal verbs and defective verbs. In the following sentences, verbs are used without a direct object: "Rivers flow." "I sneezed." "My dog ran." "Water evaporates when it's hot." "You've grown since I last saw you!" "I wonder how old I will be when I die.
Grammaire de dépendanceOn désigne par grammaire de dépendance une approche de la syntaxe fondée par Lucien Tesnière. Elle se distingue par la place centrale donnée à une structure hiérarchique, appelée Stemma par Lucien Tesnière, mais plus connue aujourd'hui sous le terme d’arbre de dépendance. L'arbre de dépendance est un arbre, au sens mathématique du terme, représentant les liens syntaxiques entre les mots d'une phrase. Les grammaires de dépendance ne réfèrent donc pas à un cadre théorique restreint, mais la notion de dépendance peut être explicite ou implicite dans la formalisation des règles syntaxiques.
Catena (linguistics)In linguistics, a catena (English pronunciation: kəˈtiːnə, plural catenas or catenae; from Latin for "chain") is a unit of syntax and morphology, closely associated with dependency grammars. It is a more flexible and inclusive unit than the constituent and its proponents therefore consider it to be better suited than the constituent to serve as the fundamental unit of syntactic and morphosyntactic analysis. The catena has served as the basis for the analysis of a number of phenomena of syntax, such as idiosyncratic meaning, ellipsis mechanisms (e.
