Compactification (mathématiques)

In mathematics, in general topology, compactification is the process or result of making a topological space into a compact space. A compact space is a space in which every open cover of the space contains a finite subcover. The methods of compactification are various, but each is a way of controlling points from "going off to infinity" by in some way adding "points at infinity" or preventing such an "escape". Consider the real line with its ordinary topology. This space is not compact; in a sense, points can go off to infinity to the left or to the right. It is possible to turn the real line into a compact space by adding a single "point at infinity" which we will denote by ∞. The resulting compactification can be thought of as a circle (which is compact as a closed and bounded subset of the Euclidean plane). Every sequence that ran off to infinity in the real line will then converge to ∞ in this compactification. The direction in which a number approaches infinity on the number line (either in the - direction or + direction) is still preserved on the circle; for if a number approaches towards infinity from the - direction on the number line, then the corresponding point on the circle can approach ∞ from the left for example. Then if a number approaches infinity from the + direction on the number line, then the corresponding point on the circle can approach ∞ from the right. Intuitively, the process can be pictured as follows: first shrink the real line to the open interval (−pi, pi) on the x-axis; then bend the ends of this interval upwards (in positive y-direction) and move them towards each other, until you get a circle with one point (the topmost one) missing. This point is our new point ∞ "at infinity"; adding it in completes the compact circle. A bit more formally: we represent a point on the unit circle by its angle, in radians, going from −pi to pi for simplicity. Identify each such point θ on the circle with the corresponding point on the real line tan(θ/2).

Crossing of the Branch Cut: The Topological Origin of a Universal 2 pi-Phase Retardation in Non-Hermitian Metasurfaces

Olivier Martin, Karim Achouri

Full wavefront control by photonic components requires that the spatial phase modulation on an incoming optical beam ranges from 0 to 2 pi. Because of their radiative coupling to the environment, all optical components are intrinsically non-Hermitian syste ...

WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH2023