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Concept

Distance de Wasserstein

Résumé

En mathématiques et plus particulièrement en théorie des probabilités et en statistique, la 'distance de Wasserstein (ou distance de Kantorovitch, ou distance de Kantorovitch – Rubinstein') est une distance définie entre des mesures de probabilité sur un espace polonais. La plupart des publications en français adoptent l'orthographe allemande Wasserstein pour ce nom russe d'origine allemande. Liée au problème du transport optimal, plus précisément au travail minimal à fournir pour modifier un tas de terre en un autre, la distance de Wasserstein est parfois appelée distance du cantonnier ou encore distance du terrassier, Earth Mover's Distance (EMD). Dans cette métaphore, chaque vecteur est vu comme un tas de terre et la distance reflète un travail : le poids de la terre déplacée multiplié par la distance parcourue. En informatique, cette distance est très utilisée pour la comparaison d'images, notamment dans la et dans la reconnaissance de formes. L'appellation de distance de Wass

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_de_Wasserstein

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Séances de cours associées (7)

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Chargement

Procrustes Metrics and Optimal Transport for Covariance Operators

Valentina Masarotto

Covariance operators play a fundamental role in functional data analysis, providing the canonical means to analyse functional variation via the celebrated Karhunen-Loève expansion. These operators may themselves be subject to variation, for instance in contexts where multiple functional populations are to be compared. Statistical techniques to analyse such variation are intimately linked with the choice of metric on the space of such operators, as well as with their intrinsic infinite-dimensionality. We will show that we can identify the space of infinite-dimensional covariance operators equipped with the Procrustes size-and-shape metric from shape theory, with that of centred Gaussian processes, equipped with the Wasserstein metric of optimal transportation. We then describe key geometrical and topological aspects of the space of covariance operators endowed with the Procrustes metric. Through the notion of multicoupling of Gaussian measures, we establish existence, uniqueness and stability for the Fréchet mean of covariance operators with respect to the Procrustes metric. Furthermore, we will provide generative models that are canonical for such metric. We then turn to the problem of comparing several samples of stochastic processes with respect to their second-order structure, and we subsequently describe the main modes of variation in this second order structure. These two tasks are carried out via an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of covariance operators respectively. In order to perform ANOVA, we introduce a novel approach based on optimal (multi)transport and identify each covariance with an optimal transport map. These maps are then contrasted with the identity with respect to a norm-induced distance. The resulting test statistic, calibrated by permutation, outperforms the state-of-the-art in the functional case. If the null hypothesis postulating equality of the operators is rejected, thanks to a geometric interpretation of the transport maps we can construct a PCA on the tangent space with the aim of understanding the sample variability. Finally, we provide a further example of use of the optimal transport framework, by applying it to the problem of clustering of operators. Two different clustering algorithms are presented, one of which is innovative. The transportation ANOVA, PCA and clustering are validated both on simulated scenarios and real dataset.

EPFL2019

Chargement

Procrustes Metrics on Covariance Operators and Optimal Transportation of Gaussian Processes

Valentina Masarotto, Victor Panaretos, Yoav Zemel

Covariance operators are fundamental in functional data analysis, providing the canonical means to analyse functional variation via the celebrated Karhunen-Loeve expansion. These operators may themselves be subject to variation, for instance in contexts where multiple functional populations are to be compared. Statistical techniques to analyse such variation are intimately linked with the choice of metric on covariance operators, and the intrinsic infinite-dimensionality of these operators. In this paper, we describe the manifold-like geometry of the space of trace-class infinite-dimensional covariance operators and associated key statistical properties, under the recently proposed infinite-dimensional version of the Procrustes metric (Pigoli et al. Biometrika101, 409-422, 2014). We identify this space with that of centred Gaussian processes equipped with the Wasserstein metric of optimal transportation. The identification allows us to provide a detailed description of those aspects of this manifold-like geometry that are important in terms of statistical inference; to establish key properties of the Frechet mean of a random sample of covariances; and to define generative models that are canonical for such metrics and link with the problem of registration of warped functional data.

2019

Chargement

This work studies the problem of statistical inference for Fréchet means in the Wasserstein space of measures on Euclidean spaces,

\mathcal W_2 ( \mathbb R^d )

. This question arises naturally from the problem of separating amplitude and phase variation in point processes, analogous to a well-known problem in functional data analysis. We formulate the point process version of the problem, show that it is canonically equivalent to that of estimating Fréchet means in

\mathcal W_2 ( \mathbb R d )

, and carry out estimation by means of

M

-estimation. This approach allows to achieve consistency in a genuinely nonparametric framework, even in a sparse sampling regime. For Cox processes on the real line, consistency is supplemented by convergence rates and, in the dense sampling regime,

\sqrt n

-consistency and a central limit theorem. Computation of the Fréchet mean is challenging when the processes are multivariate, in which case our Fréchet mean estimator is only defined implicitly as the minimiser of an optimisation problem. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a steepest descent algorithm that approximates the minimiser, and show that it converges to a local minimum. Our techniques are specific to the Wasserstein space, because Hessian-type arguments that are commonly used for similar convergence proofs do not apply to that space. In addition, we discuss similarities with generalised Procrustes analysis. The key advantage of the algorithm is that it requires only the solution of pairwise transportation problems. The results in the preceding paragraphs require properties of Fréchet means in

\mathcal W_2 ( \mathbb R ^d )

whose theory is developed, supplemented by some new results. We present the tangent bundle and exploit its relation to optimal maps in order to derive differentiability properties of the associated Fréchet functional, obtaining a characterisation of Karcher means. Additionally, we establish a new optimality criterion for local minima and prove a new stability result for the optimal maps that, enhanced with the established consistency of the Fréchet mean estimator, yields consistency of the optimal transportation maps.

EPFL2017

Chargement

This work studies the problem of statistical inference for Fréchet means in the Wasserstein space of measures on Euclidean spaces,

\mathcal W_2 ( \mathbb R^d )

\mathcal W_2 ( \mathbb R d )

, and carry out estimation by means of

M

\sqrt n

\mathcal W_2 ( \mathbb R ^d )

EPFL2017

Procrustes Metrics and Optimal Transport for Covariance Operators

Valentina Masarotto

EPFL2019