Blindage réactif

Résumé

vignette|Le module de surblindage de ce T-55 Enigma irakien renferme un blindage réactif composé de six sandwichs fait chacun d'une feuille de caoutchouc intercalée entre des plaques d'acier et d'aluminium. Le blindage réactif, anciennement appelé blindage actif, est un type de blindage utilisé sur les véhicules blindés. Contrairement à un blindage conventionnel qui demeure inerte lors de l'impact d'un projectile, le blindage réactif réagit au contact de ce dernier dans le but de le déstabiliser, le fragiliser voire le cisailler en plusieurs morceaux. Son but est avant tout de réduire drastiquement l'énergie du projectile de sorte a ce qu'il ne perce pas la plaque de blindage en dessous. Types *Plaques Accélérées par Choc (PAC), en « Non Energetic Reactive Armor (NERA) » : est un blindage réactif dit "passif" car composé d'un matériau composite, inerte, comme le caoutchouc, à la place d'un feuillet explosif, ce qui permet de les assembler à plusieurs dans u

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindage_r%C3%A9actif

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For building integration of solar-powered energy systems, aesthetic aspects play an importantrole. Covering a standard solar collector with a coloured glazing, opaque to the human eye but highly transparent to solar energy, permits a perfect architectural integration of solar thermal panels into glazed building façades. The thermal energy produced can be used for both solar heating and cooling, as well as for domestic hot water. The principle of the coloured appearance is based on interference in the thin-film coating on the reverse side of the cover glass. Different interference filters based on nano-composite materials deposited by the solgel method were presented at CISBAT 2007 [1]. Currently, we are developing new plasma-deposition processes, which are more suitable for industrial large-scale production. A new state-of-the-art ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system for magnetron sputtering deposition of novel nano-composite solar coatings has recently been designed, constructed, and installed at the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB). Up to five different magnetron sources can be used simultaneously, in reactive and non-reactive mode. The geometric configuration of the chamber has been optimised for best film homogeneity and allows the deposition on substrates up to 100 mm in diameter. The optical and electronic properties of thin films are closely interrelated and highly relevant for solar coatings. Photoelectron spectroscopy provides information on the coating structure, the deposited material and its chemical state inside the coating, as well as the nature of the interface between different layers. A system for ESCA analysis (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) has recently been installed and put into operation at LESO-PB. By ellipsometry and spectrophotometry, we can determine exactly the different optical properties of the coating, such as layer thickness, refractive index, or absorption coefficient. This provides best conditions for highly efficient research and development on new materials for further optimisation of the coloured interference filters.First results have been obtained with our new experimental infrastructure and will be presented in this contribution.

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We explore the influence (i) of the interaction between aluminium and alumina, and (ii) of sodium impurities present in Bayer alumina, on the pressure infiltration of alumina particle preforms with molten aluminium. At 1000°C or above, although the aluminium/alumina system is non-reactive, capillarity-driven solution-reprecipitation processes cause the liquid-solid interface to become mobile. Data show that this can result in infiltration kinetics that resemble those observed with reaction-driven pressure infiltration, namely a continuously increasing melt saturation under fixed infiltration pressure. Resulting isobaric saturation velocities are measured at 1000°C, 1050°C and 1100°C. The role of alumina particle shape and of Na-containing inclusions is investigated. It is found that the main factors affecting the rate of high-temperature isobaric infiltration in this system is the particle geometry. Measured steady infiltration rates give an activation volume on the order of ≈ 200 nm3 and an activation energy in the range of 300-500 suggesting that isobaric infiltration kinetics are governed by diffusion through the solid alumina. Sodium impurities of Bayer alumina are present within β″-Al2O3. They do not influence steady pressure infiltration but ease initial melt penetration into the preform, possibly because evaporated Na2O alters the oxide skin layer that lines the surface of molten aluminium.

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, , ,

For building integration of solar-powered energy systems, aesthetic aspects play an important role. Covering a standard solar collector with a coloured glazing, opaque to the human eye but highly transparent to solar energy, permits a perfect architectural integration of solar thermal panels into glazed building façades. The thermal energy produced can be used for both solar heating and cooling, as well as for domestic hot water. The principle of the coloured appearance is based on interference in the thin-film coating on the reverse side of the cover glass. Different interference filters based on nano-composite materials deposited by the solgel method were presented at CISBAT 2007 [1]. Currently, we are developing new plasma-deposition processes, which are more suitable for industrial large-scale production. A new state-of-the-art ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system for magnetron sputtering deposition of novel nano-composite solar coatings has recently been designed, constructed, and installed at the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB). Up to five different magnetron sources can be used simultaneously, in reactive and non-reactive mode. The geometric configuration of the chamber has been optimised for best film homogeneity and allows the deposition on substrates up to 100 mm in diameter. The optical and electronic properties of thin films are closely interrelated and highly relevant for solar coatings. Photoelectron spectroscopy provides information on the coating structure, the deposited material and its chemical state inside the coating, as well as the nature of the interface between different layers. A system for ESCA analysis (Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis) has recently been installed and put into operation at LESO-PB. By ellipsometry and spectrophotometry, we can determine exactly the different optical properties of the coating, such as layer thickness, refractive index, or absorption coefficient. This provides best conditions for highly efficient research and development on new materials for further optimisation of the coloured interference filters. First results have been obtained with our new experimental infrastructure and will be presented in this contribution.

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