Casse-tête

Résumé

Un casse-tête est un jeu qui se joue seul ou à plusieurs. Il consiste à partir d'une situation initiale donnée ou aléatoire et à aboutir à une situation particulière en suivant un certain nombre de règles. Les casse-tête peuvent se trouver de différentes formes :

casse-têtes mécaniques : Rubik's Cube, puzzle multipyramidal ;
les jeux de cartes (exemple : réussite) ;
casse-têtes géométriques se jouant à l'aide de pièces : taquin, Tangram ;
les casse-tête géométriques qui se résolvent à l'aide d'un papier et d'un crayon ;
les jeux à partir du matériel d'un jeu existant : problème du cavalier et problème des huit dames basés sur les règles des échecs ;
les jeux numériques (cryptarithmes, carrés magiques).
les jeux de QI (intégrammes)

Certains casse-tête ont peu d'intérêt du point de vue ludique, mais offrent des illustrations de modèles mathématiques ou informatiques complexes. Exemple : l'énigme des trois maisons ou la combinatoire des tours de Hanoï. Au Canada francoph

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casse-t%C3%AAte

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Publications associées (3)

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Concepts associés (3)

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Cours associés (3)

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Séances de cours associées (3)

Séances de cours associées

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For a few decades, adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis has been widely recognized by the neuroscience community as an intriguing phenomenon. Two observations are particularly puzzling. At the cellular level, the switch from excitation to inhibition of the GABAergic input onto newborn cells has been shown to be crucial for their proper integration into the existing network of dentate gyrus cells. At the behavioral level, adult-born dentate granule cells have been shown to promote pattern separation of similar stimuli in various tasks, while not playing a role in discrimination of distinct stimuli. It is still unclear, however, how these functionalities arise in the network of dentate gyrus cells. Several models of adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis have been designed with various levels of abstraction, and have suggested different roles of newborn cells. Yet, none of these models could explain how newborn cells promote pattern separation of similar stimuli, and not distinct stimuli. Moreover, none of the previous studies modeled the actual integration of adult-born dentate granule cells in the preexisting circuit, but rather initialized their inward connections to random, but fully grown, weights. In my thesis work, I bridge the gap between biological and theoretical knowledge on adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis. I address the puzzling experimental observations and explain for the first time with a model: (i) how newborn cells integrate into the preexisting dentate gyrus network, and (ii) how they promote pattern separation of similar stimuli. More specifically, I propose that the early phase of maturation of newborn cells, when GABAergic input has an excitatory effect, drives the synaptic weights towards the subspace of configurations of familiar stimuli through a cooperative effect. In the late phase of maturation, when GABAergic input switches to inhibitory, the synaptic weights move towards novel features of the presented stimuli through a competitive effect. This theory of newborn cells integration also explains why adult-born dentate granule cells promote better pattern separation of similar stimuli, but not distinct stimuli. Indeed, in the late phase of maturation, newborn cells can only learn novel features that are similar enough to familiar features, because the configuration of their synaptic weights makes them sensitive to familiar features at the end of the early phase of maturation.

EPFL2019

Chargement

A functional model of adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis

Wulfram Gerstner, Olivia Gozel

In adult dentate gyrus neurogenesis, the link between maturation of newborn neurons and their function, such as behavioral pattern separation, has remained puzzling. By analyzing a theoretical model, we show that the switch from excitation to inhibition of the GABAergic input onto maturing newborn cells is crucial for their proper functional integration. When the GABAergic input is excitatory, cooperativity drives the growth of synapses such that newborn cells become sensitive to stimuli similar to those that activate mature cells. When GABAergic input switches to inhibitory, competition pushes the configuration of synapses onto newborn cells towards stimuli that are different from previously stored ones. This enables the maturing newborn cells to code for concepts that are novel, yet similar to familiar ones. Our theory of newborn cell maturation explains both how adult-born dentate granule cells integrate into the preexisting network and why they promote separation of similar but not distinct patterns.

2021

Chargement

Creating Personalized Jigsaw Puzzles

Cheryl Shaulya Lau, Zahra Sadeghipoor Kermani, Yuliy Schwartzburg, Appu Shaji, Sabine Süsstrunk

Designing aesthetically pleasing and challenging jigsaw puzzles is considered an art that requires considerable skill and expertise. We propose a tool that allows novice users to create customized jigsaw puzzles based on the image content and a user-defined curve. A popular design choice among puzzle makers, called color line cutting, is to cut the puzzle along the main contours in an image, making the puzzle both aesthetically interesting and challenging to solve. At the same time, the puzzle maker has to make sure that puzzle pieces interlock so that they do not disassemble easily. Our method automatically optimizes for puzzle cuts that follow the main contours in the image and match the user-defined curve. We handle the tradeoff between color line cutting and interlocking, and we introduce a linear formulation for the interlocking constraint. We propose a novel method for eliminating self-intersections and ensuring a minimum width in our output curves. Our method satisfies these necessary fabrication constraints in order to make valid puzzles that can be easily realized with present-day laser cutters.

2014

Chargement

EPFL2019