Zonage (urbanisme)vignette|Application du système de zonage sur la ville de Tarnowskie Góry en Silésie au Sud de la Pologne Le zonage est un outil de règlementation et de contrôle de l'utilisation du sol. Le mot est dérivé de la pratique de diviser le territoire municipal en zones et d'attribuer à chacun des usages permis. La pratique du zonage est issue du constat que la cohabitation harmonieuse sur un territoire des usages résidentiels, commerciaux et industriels exige une ségrégation plus ou moins prononcée entre eux, ce qui entraîne qu'on leur alloue une ou plusieurs zones exclusives ou mixtes.
ConsiderationConsideration is a concept of English common law and is a necessity for simple contracts but not for special contracts (contracts by deed). The concept has been adopted by other common law jurisdictions. The court in Currie v Misa declared consideration to be a “Right, Interest, Profit, Benefit, or Forbearance, Detriment, Loss, Responsibility”. Thus, consideration is a promise of something of value given by a promissor in exchange for something of value given by a promisee; and typically the thing of value is goods, money, or an act.
Propagation des incertitudesUne mesure est toujours entachée d'erreur, dont on estime l'intensité par l'intermédiaire de l'incertitude. Lorsqu'une ou plusieurs mesures sont utilisées pour obtenir la valeur d'une ou de plusieurs autres grandeurs (par l'intermédiaire d'une formule explicite ou d'un algorithme), il faut savoir, non seulement calculer la valeur estimée de cette ou ces grandeurs, mais encore déterminer l'incertitude ou les incertitudes induites sur le ou les résultats du calcul.
Experimental uncertainty analysisExperimental uncertainty analysis is a technique that analyses a derived quantity, based on the uncertainties in the experimentally measured quantities that are used in some form of mathematical relationship ("model") to calculate that derived quantity. The model used to convert the measurements into the derived quantity is usually based on fundamental principles of a science or engineering discipline. The uncertainty has two components, namely, bias (related to accuracy) and the unavoidable random variation that occurs when making repeated measurements (related to precision).
Landslide classificationThere have been known various classifications of landslides. Broad definitions include forms of mass movement that narrower definitions exclude. For example, the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology distinguishes the following types of landslides: fall (by undercutting) fall (by toppling) slump rockslide earthflow sinkholes, mountain side rockslide that develops into rock avalanche Influential narrower definitions restrict landslides to slumps and translational slides in rock and regolith, not involving fluidisation.
AvalancheUne avalanche () de neige est d'abord un phénomène physique : une masse de neige qui se détache puis dévale un versant de montagne sous l'effet de la pesanteur, ou, formulé autrement, le mouvement rapide sur une grande pente d'un volume de neige, à la suite d'une rupture d'équilibre dans le manteau neigeux initial. Une avalanche de neige est aussi un aléa avec la possibilité qu'une telle menace (déclenchement, écoulement, impact) se réalise dans un lieu donné à un instant donné.
Land-use planningLand use planning is the process of regulating the use of land by a central authority. Usually, this is done to promote more desirable social and environmental outcomes as well as a more efficient use of resources. More specifically, the goals of modern land use planning often include environmental conservation, restraint of urban sprawl, minimization of transport costs, prevention of land use conflicts, and a reduction in exposure to pollutants.
Collaborative mappingCollaborative mapping, also known as citizen mapping, is the aggregation of Web mapping and user-generated content, from a group of individuals or entities, and can take several distinct forms. With the growth of technology for storing and sharing maps, collaborative maps have become competitors to commercial services, in the case of OpenStreetMap, or components of them, as in Google Map Maker Waze and Yandex Map Editor.
Consideration in English lawConsideration is an English common law concept within the law of contract, and is a necessity for simple contracts (but not for special contracts by deed). The concept of consideration has been adopted by other common law jurisdictions, including the US. Consideration can be anything of value (such as any goods, money, services, or promises of any of these), which each party gives as a quid pro quo to support their side of the bargain. Mutual promises constitute consideration for each other.
Operational risk managementOperational risk management (ORM) is defined as a continual recurring process that includes risk assessment, risk decision making, and the implementation of risk controls, resulting in the acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk. ORM is the oversight of operational risk, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes and systems; human factors; or external events. Unlike other type of risks (market risk, credit risk, etc.) operational risk had rarely been considered strategically significant by senior management.
