Cognitive closure (philosophy)In philosophy of science and philosophy of mind, cognitive closure is the proposition that human minds are constitutionally incapable of solving certain perennial philosophical problems. Owen Flanagan calls this position anti-constructive naturalism or the "new mysterianism" and the primary advocate of the hypothesis, Colin McGinn, calls it transcendental naturalism acknowledging the possibility that solutions may be knowable to an intelligent non-human of some kind.
Computational financeComputational finance is a branch of applied computer science that deals with problems of practical interest in finance. Some slightly different definitions are the study of data and algorithms currently used in finance and the mathematics of computer programs that realize financial models or systems. Computational finance emphasizes practical numerical methods rather than mathematical proofs and focuses on techniques that apply directly to economic analyses. It is an interdisciplinary field between mathematical finance and numerical methods.
Cousin problemsIn mathematics, the Cousin problems are two questions in several complex variables, concerning the existence of meromorphic functions that are specified in terms of local data. They were introduced in special cases by Pierre Cousin in 1895. They are now posed, and solved, for any complex manifold M, in terms of conditions on M. For both problems, an open cover of M by sets Ui is given, along with a meromorphic function fi on each Ui. The first Cousin problem or additive Cousin problem assumes that each difference is a holomorphic function, where it is defined.
Impôt sur les plus-valuesL'impôt sur les plus-values est la taxe ou l'impôt qui s'applique aux plus-values obtenues au terme d'une cession immobilière ou mobilière. Il concerne, par conséquent, tous les contribuables détenteurs d'un patrimoine immobilier (appartement, etc.) ou mobilier (actions, obligations, etc.) quand ils en cèdent tout ou partie contre de l'argent. L'impôt sur les plus-values est complexe. Il diffère selon les pays, et selon que la plus-value est immobilière ou de cession de valeur mobilière.
Behavior managementBehavior management, similar to behavior modification, is a less-intensive form of behavior therapy. Unlike behavior modification, which focuses on changing behavior, behavior management focuses on maintaining positive habits and behaviors and reducing negative ones. Behavior management skills are especially useful for teachers and educators, healthcare workers, and those working in supported living communities. This form of management aims to help professionals oversee and guide behavior management in individuals and groups toward fulfilling, productive, and socially acceptable behaviors.
Philosophie expérimentaleLa philosophie expérimentale est un mouvement philosophique, apparu dans les années 2000, cherchant à associer le questionnement philosophique classique à une recherche empirique et systématique. S'inspirant de la méthode des sciences cognitives, les philosophes expérimentaux mettent en œuvre des études expérimentales visant à comprendre comment tout un chacun réfléchit de manière ordinaire aux questions fondatrices de la philosophie.
Qualiaalt=Les couleurs sont un problème classique des qualia : comment l'expérience des couleurs émerge-t-elle lors du traitement de certaines ondes lumineuses par le cerveau ?|vignette|Les couleurs sont un problème classique des qualia : comment l'expérience des couleurs émerge-t-elle lors du traitement de certaines ondes lumineuses par le cerveau ?Les qualia (prononcé [kwa.lja]; au singulier quale; du latin qualis qui signifie quel, de quelle sorte, de quelle espèce, de quelle nature) sont le contenu subjectif de l'expérience d'un état mental, ils composent ce que l'on appelle la conscience phénoménale.
Philosophical skepticismPhilosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge. It differs from other forms of skepticism in that it even rejects very plausible knowledge claims that belong to basic common sense. Philosophical skeptics are often classified into two general categories: Those who deny all possibility of knowledge, and those who advocate for the suspension of judgment due to the inadequacy of evidence.
Réserve comptableLes réserves sont des montants situés au passif du bilan d'une entreprise correspondant au cumul des bénéfices des exercices antérieurs (résultats nets de la période, soit bénéfices nets moins pertes nettes) qui n'ont été : ni redistribués aux propriétaires de l'entreprise (dividendes, rachats d'actions) ; ni intégrés dans son capital. Les réserves contribuent à créer une marge de sécurité financière pour l'entreprise et surtout participent à son autofinancement pour faire de nouveaux investissements permettant de développer ses activités.
Average treatment effectThe average treatment effect (ATE) is a measure used to compare treatments (or interventions) in randomized experiments, evaluation of policy interventions, and medical trials. The ATE measures the difference in mean (average) outcomes between units assigned to the treatment and units assigned to the control. In a randomized trial (i.e., an experimental study), the average treatment effect can be estimated from a sample using a comparison in mean outcomes for treated and untreated units.
