Transduction de signalLa transduction de signal désigne le mécanisme par lequel une cellule répond à l'information qu'elle reçoit, par des agents chimiques ou autres signaux (tension,...). Elle commande une cascade de signaux secondaires, internes à la cellule (« signalling ») ou externes (ex: action sur d'autres types cellulaires via des interleukines), et des processus cellulaires internes (métabolisme, cycle cellulaire, motilité,...). La transduction est la deuxième étape de ce que l'on appelle la cascade de signalisation : Un signal extra-cellulaire (ligand, neuromédiateur.
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)In neuroscience, glutamate is the dianion (divalent anion) of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter (a chemical that nerve cells use to send signals to other cells). It is by a wide margin the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system. It is used by every major excitatory function in the vertebrate brain, accounting in total for well over 90% of the synaptic connections in the human brain. It also serves as the primary neurotransmitter for some localized brain regions, such as cerebellum granule cells.
ExcitotoxicitéL'excitotoxicité est un processus pathologique d'altération et de destruction neuronale ou neurotoxicité, par hyperactivation par l'acide glutamique et ses analogues (tous étant des neurotransmetteurs excitateurs). Ces neurotransmetteurs activent des récepteurs excitateurs neuronaux comme les récepteurs NMDA et AMPA (-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-méthylisoazol-4-propionate). Ces excitotoxines comme le NMDA (N-méthyl-D-aspartate) et l'acide kaïnique, ou les glutamates en trop grande concentration, en se liant à ces récepteurs provoquent une entrée massive dans la cellule d'ions calcium.
Mémoire spatialevignette|La mémoire spatiale est nécessaire pour naviguer dans un environnement. La mémoire spatiale est la partie de la mémoire d'un individu responsable de l'enregistrement des informations concernant l'espace environnant et l'orientation spatiale de l'individu dans celui-ci. La mémoire spatiale est ainsi requise pour la navigation spatiale dans un lieu connu, comme dans un quartier familier. Elle est étudiée en neuroscience (chez le rat) et en psychologie cognitive (chez l'homme).
Calcium signalingCalcium signaling is the use of calcium ions (Ca2+) to communicate and drive intracellular processes often as a step in signal transduction. Ca2+ is important for cellular signalling, for once it enters the cytosol of the cytoplasm it exerts allosteric regulatory effects on many enzymes and proteins. Ca2+ can act in signal transduction resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger caused by indirect signal transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors.
Neurobiologie du sommeilThe neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions. Traditionally, sleep has been studied as part of psychology and medicine. The study of sleep from a neuroscience perspective grew to prominence with advances in technology and the proliferation of neuroscience research from the second half of the twentieth century. The importance of sleep is demonstrated by the fact that organisms daily spend hours of their time in sleep, and that sleep deprivation can have disastrous effects ultimately leading to death in animals.
Metabotropic glutamate receptorThe metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process. They are members of the group C family of G-protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs. Like all glutamate receptors, mGluRs bind with glutamate, an amino acid that functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter. The mGluRs perform a variety of functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems: For example, they are involved in learning, memory, anxiety, and the perception of pain.
Protéine kinase CEn biologie cellulaire, la protéine kinase C, communément abrégée en PKC, est une famille d'enzymes de type protéine kinase qui sont impliquées dans le contrôle de la fonction d'autres protéines par la phosphorylation des groupes hydroxyles des résidus d'acides aminés sérine et thréonine sur ces protéines. Les enzymes PKC sont à leur tour activées par des signaux tels que l'augmentation de la concentration de diacylglycérol (DAG) ou d'ions calcium (Ca2+). Les enzymes PKC jouent donc un rôle important dans plusieurs cascades de transduction du signal.
Chemical synapseChemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.
GlioseGliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar. The process of gliosis involves a series of cellular and molecular events that occur over several days.
