Théorème de Banach-Alaoglu-BourbakiLe théorème de Banach-Alaoglu-Bourbaki est un résultat de compacité en analyse fonctionnelle, dû à Stefan Banach dans le cas d'un espace vectoriel normé séparable et généralisé en 1938 par Leonidas Alaoglu puis Nicolas Bourbaki. Si E est un R-espace vectoriel topologique et V un voisinage de 0, alors l'ensemble polaire V° de V, défini par est une partie compacte du dual topologique E' pour la topologie faible-*.
Banach manifoldIn mathematics, a Banach manifold is a manifold modeled on Banach spaces. Thus it is a topological space in which each point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an open set in a Banach space (a more involved and formal definition is given below). Banach manifolds are one possibility of extending manifolds to infinite dimensions. A further generalisation is to Fréchet manifolds, replacing Banach spaces by Fréchet spaces. On the other hand, a Hilbert manifold is a special case of a Banach manifold in which the manifold is locally modeled on Hilbert spaces.
Kodaira dimensionIn algebraic geometry, the Kodaira dimension κ(X) measures the size of the canonical model of a projective variety X. Igor Shafarevich in a seminar introduced an important numerical invariant of surfaces with the notation κ. Shigeru Iitaka extended it and defined the Kodaira dimension for higher dimensional varieties (under the name of canonical dimension), and later named it after Kunihiko Kodaira. The canonical bundle of a smooth algebraic variety X of dimension n over a field is the line bundle of n-forms, which is the nth exterior power of the cotangent bundle of X.
Tarski monster groupIn the area of modern algebra known as group theory, a Tarski monster group, named for Alfred Tarski, is an infinite group G, such that every proper subgroup H of G, other than the identity subgroup, is a cyclic group of order a fixed prime number p. A Tarski monster group is necessarily simple. It was shown by Alexander Yu. Olshanskii in 1979 that Tarski groups exist, and that there is a Tarski p-group for every prime p > 1075. They are a source of counterexamples to conjectures in group theory, most importantly to Burnside's problem and the von Neumann conjecture.
Décalage de Bernoulli (langage formel)Un décalage de Bernoulli (en anglais Bernoulli shift) est une transformation opérant sur des mots de longueur infinie, étudiée en dynamique symbolique. Étant donné un alphabet Λ, c'est-à-dire un ensemble fini. Un mot infini est une suite à valeurs dans l'alphabet Λ. Le décalage de Bernoulli est l'application qui décale un mot d'un cran vers la gauche : On peut définir de même les décalages de Bernoulli pour des mots infinis indexés sur et les résultats et propriétés énoncés sont similaires.
Exponential fieldIn mathematics, an exponential field is a field that has an extra operation on its elements which extends the usual idea of exponentiation. A field is an algebraic structure composed of a set of elements, F, two binary operations, addition (+) such that F forms an abelian group with identity 0F and multiplication (·), such that F excluding 0F forms an abelian group under multiplication with identity 1F, and such that multiplication is distributive over addition, that is for any elements a, b, c in F, one has a · (b + c) = (a · b) + (a · c).
Espace pointéEn topologie, un espace pointé est un espace topologique dont on spécifie un point particulier comme étant le point de base. Formellement, il s'agit donc d'un couple (E, x) pour lequel x est un élément de E. Une application pointée entre deux espaces pointés est une application continue préservant les points de base. Les espaces pointés sont les objets d'une catégorie, notée parfois Top, dont les morphismes sont les applications pointées. Cette catégorie admet le point comme objet nul.
Mixing (mathematics)In mathematics, mixing is an abstract concept originating from physics: the attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing in the everyday world: e.g. mixing paint, mixing drinks, industrial mixing. The concept appears in ergodic theory—the study of stochastic processes and measure-preserving dynamical systems. Several different definitions for mixing exist, including strong mixing, weak mixing and topological mixing, with the last not requiring a measure to be defined.
Flat topologyIn mathematics, the flat topology is a Grothendieck topology used in algebraic geometry. It is used to define the theory of flat cohomology; it also plays a fundamental role in the theory of (faithfully flat descent). The term flat here comes from flat modules. There are several slightly different flat topologies, the most common of which are the fppf topology and the fpqc topology. fppf stands for fidèlement plate de présentation finie, and in this topology, a morphism of affine schemes is a covering morphism if it is faithfully flat and of finite presentation.
Arbre (mathématiques)En mathématiques, un arbre est la donnée d'un ensemble E et d'une relation symétrique R sur E telle que deux points distincts quelconques x et y de E soient reliés par un seul chemin injectif fini, ie n+1 points z0,...,zn de E distincts vérifiant x=z0, ziRzi+1 pour i
