Superconducting wireSuperconducting wires are electrical wires made of superconductive material. When cooled below their transition temperatures, they have zero electrical resistance. Most commonly, conventional superconductors such as niobium–titanium are used, but high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO are entering the market. Superconducting wire's advantages over copper or aluminum include higher maximum current densities and zero power dissipation.
Superconducting magnetA superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire. They must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures during operation. In its superconducting state the wire has no electrical resistance and therefore can conduct much larger electric currents than ordinary wire, creating intense magnetic fields. Superconducting magnets can produce stronger magnetic fields than all but the strongest non-superconducting electromagnets, and large superconducting magnets can be cheaper to operate because no energy is dissipated as heat in the windings.
Flux magnétiqueLe flux magnétique ou flux d'induction magnétique, souvent noté , est une grandeur physique mesurable caractérisant l'intensité et la répartition spatiale du champ magnétique. Cette grandeur est égale au flux du champ magnétique à travers une surface orientée . Ce flux est par définition le produit scalaire de ces deux vecteurs (voir définition mathématique ci-dessous). Son unité d'expression dans le Système international d'unités est le weber (unité homogène à des volts-secondes).
Effet HallL'effet Hall « classique » a été découvert en 1879 par Edwin Herbert Hall, qui l'a énoncé comme suit : « un courant électrique traversant un matériau baignant dans un champ magnétique, engendre une tension perpendiculaire à ce dernier ». Sous certaines conditions, cette tension croît par paliers, effet caractéristique de la physique quantique, c'est l'effet Hall quantique entier ou l'effet Hall quantique fractionnaire.
Saturation (magnetic)Seen in some magnetic materials, saturation is the state reached when an increase in applied external magnetic field H cannot increase the magnetization of the material further, so the total magnetic flux density B more or less levels off. (Though, magnetization continues to increase very slowly with the field due to paramagnetism.) Saturation is a characteristic of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys. Different ferromagnetic materials have different saturation levels.
Electrical resistance and conductanceThe electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is , measuring the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S) (formerly called the 'mho' and then represented by ℧). The resistance of an object depends in large part on the material it is made of.
MemristorEn électronique, le memristor (ou memristance) est un composant électronique passif. Il a été décrit comme le quatrième composant passif élémentaire, aux côtés du condensateur (ou capacité), du résistor (ou résistance) et de la bobine(ou inductance). Le nom est un mot-valise formé à partir des deux mots anglais memory et resistor. Un memristor stocke efficacement l’information car la valeur de sa résistance électrique change de façon permanente lorsqu’un courant est appliqué.
Densité de courantLa densité de courant, ou densité volumique de courant, est un vecteur qui décrit le courant électrique à l'échelle locale, en tout point d'un système physique. Dans le Système international d'unités, son module s'exprime en ampères par mètre carré ( ou ). À l'échelle du système tout entier il s'agit d'un champ de vecteurs, puisque le vecteur densité de courant est défini en tout point.
Electrical resistivity and conductivityElectrical resistivity (also called volume resistivity or specific electrical resistance) is a fundamental specific property of a material that measures its electrical resistance or how strongly it resists electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows electric current. Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek letter ρ (rho). The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm-metre (Ω⋅m).
Magnetic domainA magnetic domain is a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a uniform direction. This means that the individual magnetic moments of the atoms are aligned with one another and they point in the same direction. When cooled below a temperature called the Curie temperature, the magnetization of a piece of ferromagnetic material spontaneously divides into many small regions called magnetic domains. The magnetization within each domain points in a uniform direction, but the magnetization of different domains may point in different directions.
