BarrageUn barrage est un ouvrage d'art hydraulique construit en travers d'un cours d'eau et destiné à en réguler le débit et/ou à stocker de l'eau, notamment pour le contrôle des crues, l'irrigation, l'industrie, l'hydroélectricité, la pisciculture et la retenue d'eau potable. vignette|Barrage Hoover, États-Unis. vignette|Barrage de Limmern (canton de Glaris, Suisse). vignette|Évacuateur de crues du barrage de Matsumoto (préfecture de Nagano, Japon). vignette|L'écologie des berges des plans d'eau artificiels peut être perturbée par des variations brutales de niveau.
Finite strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the finite strain theory—also called large strain theory, or large deformation theory—deals with deformations in which strains and/or rotations are large enough to invalidate assumptions inherent in infinitesimal strain theory. In this case, the undeformed and deformed configurations of the continuum are significantly different, requiring a clear distinction between them. This is commonly the case with elastomers, plastically-deforming materials and other fluids and biological soft tissue.
Shear strengthIn engineering, shear strength is the strength of a material or component against the type of yield or structural failure when the material or component fails in shear. A shear load is a force that tends to produce a sliding failure on a material along a plane that is parallel to the direction of the force. When a paper is cut with scissors, the paper fails in shear. In structural and mechanical engineering, the shear strength of a component is important for designing the dimensions and materials to be used for the manufacture or construction of the component (e.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Matériau de constructionLes matériaux de construction sont des matériaux utilisés dans les secteurs de la construction : bâtiments et travaux publics (souvent désignés par le sigle BTP). Ils couvrent une vaste gamme des matériaux qui inclut principalement le bois, le verre, l'acier, l'aluminium, les textiles, les matières plastiques (isolants notamment) et les matériaux issus de la transformation de produits de carrières, qui peuvent être plus ou moins élaborés (incluant le béton et divers dérivés de l'argile tels que briques, tuiles, carrelages et divers éléments sanitaires).
Skull fractureA skull fracture is a break in one or more of the eight bones that form the cranial portion of the skull, usually occurring as a result of blunt force trauma. If the force of the impact is excessive, the bone may fracture at or near the site of the impact and cause damage to the underlying structures within the skull such as the membranes, blood vessels, and brain.
Infinitesimal strain theoryIn continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory is a mathematical approach to the description of the deformation of a solid body in which the displacements of the material particles are assumed to be much smaller (indeed, infinitesimally smaller) than any relevant dimension of the body; so that its geometry and the constitutive properties of the material (such as density and stiffness) at each point of space can be assumed to be unchanged by the deformation.
Science des matériauxLa science des matériaux repose sur la relation entre les propriétés, la morphologie structurale et la mise en œuvre des matériaux qui constituent les objets qui nous entourent (métaux, polymères, semi-conducteurs, céramiques, composites, etc.). Elle se focalise sur l'étude des principales caractéristiques des matériaux, ainsi que leurs propriétés mécaniques, chimiques, électriques, thermiques, optiques et magnétiques. La science des matériaux est au cœur de beaucoup des grandes révolutions techniques.
Mécanique des milieux continusLa mécanique des milieux continus est le domaine de la mécanique qui s’intéresse à la déformation des solides et à l’ des fluides. Ce dernier point faisant l’objet de l’article Mécanique des fluides, cet article traite donc essentiellement de la mécanique des solides déformables. Le tableau suivant indique les divers domaines couverts par la mécanique des milieux continus. Si l'on regarde la matière de « très près » (échelle nanoscopique), la matière est granulaire, faite de molécules.
Seismic analysisSeismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building (or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent. As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe wind storm). This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of building response.
