Couverture de risqueUne couverture de risque consiste à se protéger contre un risque -défini comme la probabilité mathématique qu'un dommage se produise- par des contrats d'assurance, des contrats de garantie, ou des contrats financiers permettant d'apporter un certain niveau de compensation. Pour les risques courants, le contrat d'assurance prévoit une indemnité en cas de sinistre subi ou provoqué. Des formules de garantie: sont souvent associées à des contrats de vente de biens et services, conformément aux dispositions légales, ou allant au-delà de celles-ci.
Discrete time and continuous timeIn mathematical dynamics, discrete time and continuous time are two alternative frameworks within which variables that evolve over time are modeled. Discrete time views values of variables as occurring at distinct, separate "points in time", or equivalently as being unchanged throughout each non-zero region of time ("time period")—that is, time is viewed as a discrete variable. Thus a non-time variable jumps from one value to another as time moves from one time period to the next.
Scheduling (production processes)Scheduling is the process of arranging, controlling and optimizing work and workloads in a production process or manufacturing process. Scheduling is used to allocate plant and machinery resources, plan human resources, plan production processes and purchase materials. It is an important tool for manufacturing and engineering, where it can have a major impact on the productivity of a process. In manufacturing, the purpose of scheduling is to keep due dates of customers and then minimize the production time and costs, by telling a production facility when to make, with which staff, and on which equipment.
Tas binaireEn informatique, un tas binaire est une structure de données utilisée notamment pour implémenter une car elle permet de retirer l’élément de priorité maximale (resp. minimale) d'un ensemble ou d’insérer un élément dans l'ensemble en temps logarithmique tout en conservant la structure du tas binaire. On peut la représenter par un arbre binaire qui vérifie ces deux contraintes : C'est un arbre binaire complet : tous les niveaux sauf le dernier doivent être totalement remplis et si le dernier ne l'est pas totalement, alors il doit être rempli de gauche à droite.
Rate-monotonic schedulingL'ordonnancement à taux monotone (en anglais, rate-monotonic scheduling) est un algorithme d'ordonnancement temps réel en ligne à priorité constante (statique). Il attribue la priorité la plus forte à la tâche qui possède la plus petite période. RMS est optimal dans le cadre d'un système de tâches périodiques, synchrones, indépendantes et à échéance sur requête avec un ordonnanceur préemptif. De ce fait, il n'est généralement utilisé que pour ordonnancer des tâches vérifiant ces propriétés.
Gestion alternativethumb|Les investissements des fonds spéculatifs entre 2000 et 2007 La gestion alternative (en anglais : hedge fund) est un mode de gestion de portefeuille alternative risqué par lequel le fonds d'investissement qui investit mobilise des actifs liquides et recourt à des montages financiers complexes et à des techniques de management du risque pour améliorer ses performances. La gestion alternative utilise notamment la vente à découvert, l'effet de levier et les produits dérivés.
Step functionIn mathematics, a function on the real numbers is called a step function if it can be written as a finite linear combination of indicator functions of intervals. Informally speaking, a step function is a piecewise constant function having only finitely many pieces. A function is called a step function if it can be written as for all real numbers where , are real numbers, are intervals, and is the indicator function of : In this definition, the intervals can be assumed to have the following two properties: The intervals are pairwise disjoint: for The union of the intervals is the entire real line: Indeed, if that is not the case to start with, a different set of intervals can be picked for which these assumptions hold.
Continuous functionIn mathematics, a continuous function is a function such that a continuous variation (that is a change without jump) of the argument induces a continuous variation of the value of the function. This means that there are no abrupt changes in value, known as discontinuities. More precisely, a function is continuous if arbitrarily small changes in its value can be assured by restricting to sufficiently small changes of its argument. A discontinuous function is a function that is .
Variable discrèteIn mathematics and statistics, a quantitative variable may be continuous or discrete if they are typically obtained by measuring or counting, respectively. If it can take on two particular real values such that it can also take on all real values between them (even values that are arbitrarily close together), the variable is continuous in that interval. If it can take on a value such that there is a non-infinitesimal gap on each side of it containing no values that the variable can take on, then it is discrete around that value.
Constrained optimizationIn mathematical optimization, constrained optimization (in some contexts called constraint optimization) is the process of optimizing an objective function with respect to some variables in the presence of constraints on those variables. The objective function is either a cost function or energy function, which is to be minimized, or a reward function or utility function, which is to be maximized.
