Financial economicsFinancial economics is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade". Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such as share prices, interest rates and exchange rates, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. It has two main areas of focus: asset pricing and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e.
Invention (technique)Une invention est une méthode, une technique, un moyen nouveau par lequel il est possible de résoudre un problème pratique donné. Une invention est une création nouvelle. Elle est, en général, reconnue par la délivrance d'un brevet d'invention. On ne dépose pas un brevet, mais une demande de brevet. Le concept d'invention est très proche de celui d'innovation, mais distinct : une innovation est construite sur une invention, mais toute invention ne donne pas lieu à une innovation.
Inventive step and non-obviousnessThe inventive step and non-obviousness reflect a general patentability requirement present in most patent laws, according to which an invention should be sufficiently inventive—i.e., non-obvious—in order to be patented. In other words, "[the] nonobviousness principle asks whether the invention is an adequate distance beyond or above the state of the art". The expression "inventive step" is predominantly used in Europe, while the expression "non-obviousness" is predominantly used in United States patent law.
Sociologie de la connaissance scientifiqueLa sociologie de la connaissance scientifique (SCS) (sociology of scientific knowledge, SSK) est une branche de la sociologie - plus particulièrement de la sociologie de la connaissance - qui s'est développée dans le monde anglo-saxon autour des travaux de David Bloor et Harry Collins durant les années 1970. Ce domaine de recherche est étroitement lié à la sociologie des sciences et aux Science Studies.
Sufficiency of disclosureSufficiency of disclosure or enablement is a patent law requirement that a patent application disclose a claimed invention in sufficient detail so that the person skilled in the art could carry out that claimed invention. The requirement is fundamental to patent law: a monopoly is granted for a given period of time in exchange for a disclosure to the public how to make or practice the invention. The disclosure requirement lies at the heart and origin of patent law.
Corporate capitalismIn social science and economics, corporate capitalism is a capitalist marketplace characterized by the dominance of hierarchical and bureaucratic corporations. A large proportion of the economy of the United States and its labour market falls within corporate control. In the developed world, corporations dominate the marketplace, comprising 50% or more of all businesses. Those businesses which are not corporations contain the same bureaucratic structure of corporations, but there is usually a sole owner or group of owners who are liable to bankruptcy and criminal charges relating to their business.
Ouverture (philosophie)L'ouverture est une position philosophique générale selon laquelle opèrent certains individus et organisations, mise en avant dans différents mouvements philosophiques, culturels, religieux ou politiques. Elle est souvent mise en valeur par des processus de décisions communautaires par la distribution entre les différentes parties (utilisateurs, producteurs, contributeurs, ...) plutôt que par une autorité centralisée (propriétaires, experts, ...) Selon Jamais Cascio : une Singularité se basant sur l'"accès-libre" est une réponse aux risques à venir.
Financial econometricsFinancial econometrics is the application of statistical methods to financial market data. Financial econometrics is a branch of financial economics, in the field of economics. Areas of study include capital markets, financial institutions, corporate finance and corporate governance. Topics often revolve around asset valuation of individual stocks, bonds, derivatives, currencies and other financial instruments. It differs from other forms of econometrics because the emphasis is usually on analyzing the prices of financial assets traded at competitive, liquid markets.
Financial analystA financial analyst is a professional, undertaking financial analysis for external or internal clients as a core feature of the job. The role may specifically be titled securities analyst, research analyst, equity analyst, investment analyst, or ratings analyst. The job title is a broad one: in banking, and industry more generally, various other analyst-roles cover financial management and (credit) risk management, as opposed to focusing on investments and valuation; these are also discussed in this article.
Financement de la rechercheLe financement de la recherche désigne l'ensemble des actions mises en œuvre afin de fournir les capitaux nécessaires au fonctionnement de la recherche scientifique, généralement en marge de la loi du marché. En effet, à la différence des entreprises, les activités de recherche scientifique, en particulier fondamentales, ne peuvent garantir une rentabilité commerciale à court ou moyen terme et donc attirer des investisseurs au sens classique du terme.
