Repliement des protéinesthumb|right|300px|Repliement des protéines Le repliement des protéines est le processus physique par lequel un polypeptide se replie dans sa structure tridimensionnelle caractéristique dans laquelle il est fonctionnel. Chaque protéine commence sous forme de polypeptide, transcodée depuis une séquence d'ARNm en une chaîne linéaire d'acides aminés. Ce polypeptide ne possède pas à ce moment de structure tridimensionnelle développée (voir côté gauche de la figure).
Types of artificial neural networksThere are many types of artificial neural networks (ANN). Artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by biological neural networks, and are used to approximate functions that are generally unknown. Particularly, they are inspired by the behaviour of neurons and the electrical signals they convey between input (such as from the eyes or nerve endings in the hand), processing, and output from the brain (such as reacting to light, touch, or heat). The way neurons semantically communicate is an area of ongoing research.
Optimization problemIn mathematics, computer science and economics, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete: An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization, in which an object such as an integer, permutation or graph must be found from a countable set.
Mémoire (psychologie)thumb|350px|Les formes et fonctions de la mémoire en sciences. En psychologie, la mémoire est la faculté de l'esprit d'enregistrer, conserver et rappeler les expériences passées. Son investigation est réalisée par différentes disciplines : psychologie cognitive, neuropsychologie, et psychanalyse. thumb|Pyramide des cinq systèmes de mémoire. Le courant cognitiviste classique regroupe habituellement sous le terme de mémoire les processus dencodage, de stockage et de récupération des représentations mentales.
Neural networkA neural network can refer to a neural circuit of biological neurons (sometimes also called a biological neural network), a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network. Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed.
Population model (evolutionary algorithm)The population model of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) describes the structural properties of its population to which its members are subject. A population is the set of all proposed solutions of an EA considered in one iteration, which are also called individuals according to the biological role model. The individuals of a population can generate further individuals as offspring with the help of the genetic operators of the procedure. The simplest and widely used population model in EAs is the global or panmictic model, which corresponds to an unstructured population.
Algorithme génétiqueLes algorithmes génétiques appartiennent à la famille des algorithmes évolutionnistes. Leur but est d'obtenir une solution approchée à un problème d'optimisation, lorsqu'il n'existe pas de méthode exacte (ou que la solution est inconnue) pour le résoudre en un temps raisonnable. Les algorithmes génétiques utilisent la notion de sélection naturelle et l'appliquent à une population de solutions potentielles au problème donné.
Implicit memoryIn psychology, implicit memory is one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviours. One of its most common forms is procedural memory, which allows people to perform certain tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences; for example, remembering how to tie one's shoes or ride a bicycle without consciously thinking about those activities.
Emotion and memoryEmotion can have a powerful effect on humans and animals. Numerous studies have shown that the most vivid autobiographical memories tend to be of emotional events, which are likely to be recalled more often and with more clarity and detail than neutral events. The activity of emotionally enhanced memory retention can be linked to human evolution; during early development, responsive behavior to environmental events would have progressed as a process of trial and error.
Sous-unité protéiqueUne sous-unité protéique est une chaîne polypeptidique qui entre dans la constitution d'un complexe protéique par auto-assemblage. De nombreuses protéines sont constituées de plus d'un seul peptide : les protéines oligomériques sont formées de quelques chaînes polypeptidiques, par exemple l'hémoglobine et l'ADN polymérase ; d'autres peuvent en contenir un très grand nombre et sont dites multimériques, par exemple les microtubules et les protéines constitutives du cytosquelette.