Discrete-time Fourier transformIn mathematics, the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), also called the finite Fourier transform, is a form of Fourier analysis that is applicable to a sequence of values. The DTFT is often used to analyze samples of a continuous function. The term discrete-time refers to the fact that the transform operates on discrete data, often samples whose interval has units of time. From uniformly spaced samples it produces a function of frequency that is a periodic summation of the continuous Fourier transform of the original continuous function.
Nonlinear systemIn mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. Nonlinear dynamical systems, describing changes in variables over time, may appear chaotic, unpredictable, or counterintuitive, contrasting with much simpler linear systems.
Transformation de Fourier discrèteEn mathématiques, la transformation de Fourier discrète (TFD) sert à traiter un signal numérique. Elle constitue un équivalent discret (c'est-à-dire pour un signal défini à partir d'un nombre fini d'échantillons) de la transformation de Fourier (continue) utilisée pour traiter un signal analogique. Plus précisément, la TFD est la représentation spectrale discrète dans le domaine des fréquences d'un signal échantillonné. La transformation de Fourier rapide est un algorithme particulier de calcul de la transformation de Fourier discrète.
Mathématiques discrètesLes mathématiques discrètes, parfois appelées mathématiques finies, sont l'étude des structures mathématiques fondamentalement discrètes, par opposition aux structures continues. Contrairement aux nombres réels, qui ont la propriété de varier "en douceur", les objets étudiés en mathématiques discrètes (tels que les entiers relatifs, les graphes simples et les énoncés en logique) ne varient pas de cette façon, mais ont des valeurs distinctes séparées.
Composition operatorIn mathematics, the composition operator with symbol is a linear operator defined by the rule where denotes function composition. The study of composition operators is covered by AMS category 47B33. In physics, and especially the area of dynamical systems, the composition operator is usually referred to as the Koopman operator (and its wild surge in popularity is sometimes jokingly called "Koopmania"), named after Bernard Koopman. It is the left-adjoint of the transfer operator of Frobenius–Perron.
Envelope (waves)In physics and engineering, the envelope of an oscillating signal is a smooth curve outlining its extremes. The envelope thus generalizes the concept of a constant amplitude into an instantaneous amplitude. The figure illustrates a modulated sine wave varying between an upper envelope and a lower envelope. The envelope function may be a function of time, space, angle, or indeed of any variable.
Phase (onde)En physique, la d'une fonction périodique est l'argument de cette fonction, noté souvent . Elle est définie modulo la période, c'est-à-dire à un nombre entier de périodes près. Par exemple, la hauteur d'un pendule oscillant est une fonction sinusoïdale de la forme . La phase vérifie alors à près, avec la pulsation et la phase initiale. La phase est une grandeur sans dimension. Cependant, dans le cas d'un signal sinusoïdal, on attribue l'unité radian ou degré à la phase.
Sine and cosineIn mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that of the hypotenuse. For an angle , the sine and cosine functions are denoted simply as and .
Linear time-invariant systemIn system analysis, among other fields of study, a linear time-invariant (LTI) system is a system that produces an output signal from any input signal subject to the constraints of linearity and time-invariance; these terms are briefly defined below. These properties apply (exactly or approximately) to many important physical systems, in which case the response y(t) of the system to an arbitrary input x(t) can be found directly using convolution: y(t) = (x ∗ h)(t) where h(t) is called the system's impulse response and ∗ represents convolution (not to be confused with multiplication).
Processus stochastiqueUn processus ou processus aléatoire (voir Calcul stochastique) ou fonction aléatoire (voir Probabilité) représente une évolution, discrète ou à temps continu, d'une variable aléatoire. Celle-ci intervient dans le calcul classique des probabilités, où elle mesure chaque résultat possible (ou réalisation) d'une épreuve. Cette notion se généralise à plusieurs dimensions. Un cas particulier important, le champ aléatoire de Markov, est utilisé en analyse spatiale.
