Morphisme zéroDans la théorie des catégories, une branche des mathématiques, un morphisme zéro est un type spécial de morphisme présentant certaines propriétés comme celles des morphismes vers et depuis un objet zéro . Supposons que C soit une catégorie, et f : X → Y un morphisme de la catégorie C. Le morphisme f est appelé morphisme constant (ou encore morphisme zéro à gauche) si pour tout objet W de la catégorie C et tout morphisme de cette catégorie , on a fg = fh.
Étale morphismIn algebraic geometry, an étale morphism (etal) is a morphism of schemes that is formally étale and locally of finite presentation. This is an algebraic analogue of the notion of a local isomorphism in the complex analytic topology. They satisfy the hypotheses of the implicit function theorem, but because open sets in the Zariski topology are so large, they are not necessarily local isomorphisms. Despite this, étale maps retain many of the properties of local analytic isomorphisms, and are useful in defining the algebraic fundamental group and the étale topology.
Relative homologyIn algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, the (singular) homology of a topological space relative to a subspace is a construction in singular homology, for pairs of spaces. The relative homology is useful and important in several ways. Intuitively, it helps determine what part of an absolute homology group comes from which subspace. Given a subspace , one may form the short exact sequence where denotes the singular chains on the space X. The boundary map on descends to and therefore induces a boundary map on the quotient.
Morphism of schemesIn algebraic geometry, a morphism of schemes generalizes a morphism of algebraic varieties just as a scheme generalizes an algebraic variety. It is, by definition, a morphism in the category of schemes. A morphism of algebraic stacks generalizes a morphism of schemes. By definition, a morphism of schemes is just a morphism of locally ringed spaces. A scheme, by definition, has open affine charts and thus a morphism of schemes can also be described in terms of such charts (compare the definition of morphism of varieties).
Morphism of algebraic varietiesIn algebraic geometry, a morphism between algebraic varieties is a function between the varieties that is given locally by polynomials. It is also called a regular map. A morphism from an algebraic variety to the affine line is also called a regular function. A regular map whose inverse is also regular is called biregular, and the biregular maps are the isomorphisms of algebraic varieties.
Smooth morphismIn algebraic geometry, a morphism between schemes is said to be smooth if (i) it is locally of finite presentation (ii) it is flat, and (iii) for every geometric point the fiber is regular. (iii) means that each geometric fiber of f is a nonsingular variety (if it is separated). Thus, intuitively speaking, a smooth morphism gives a flat family of nonsingular varieties. If S is the spectrum of an algebraically closed field and f is of finite type, then one recovers the definition of a nonsingular variety.
Complemented subspaceIn the branch of mathematics called functional analysis, a complemented subspace of a topological vector space is a vector subspace for which there exists some other vector subspace of called its (topological) complement in , such that is the direct sum in the category of topological vector spaces. Formally, topological direct sums strengthen the algebraic direct sum by requiring certain maps be continuous; the result retains many nice properties from the operation of direct sum in finite-dimensional vector spaces.
Simplicial homologyIn algebraic topology, simplicial homology is the sequence of homology groups of a simplicial complex. It formalizes the idea of the number of holes of a given dimension in the complex. This generalizes the number of connected components (the case of dimension 0). Simplicial homology arose as a way to study topological spaces whose building blocks are n-simplices, the n-dimensional analogs of triangles. This includes a point (0-simplex), a line segment (1-simplex), a triangle (2-simplex) and a tetrahedron (3-simplex).
Diagramme (théorie des catégories)En théorie des catégories, un diagramme est une collection d'objets et de flèches d'une catégorie donnée. En principe, un diagramme n'est pas un objet mathématique mais seulement une figure, destinée à faciliter la lecture d'un raisonnement. En pratique, on se sert souvent des diagrammes comme de symboles abréviateurs, qui évitent de nommer tous les objets et les flèches que l'on veut considérer; on dit souvent que "considérons le diagramme ci-dessus" au lieu de dire par exemple dans la catégorie des ensembles: "considérons quatre ensembles et une application de dans .
Produit direct (groupes)En mathématiques, et plus particulièrement en théorie des groupes, le produit direct d'une famille de groupes est une structure de groupe qui se définit naturellement sur le produit cartésien des ensembles sous-jacents à ces groupes. Soient et deux groupes. Désignons par leur produit cartésien (ou, plus exactement, le produit cartésien de leurs ensembles sous-jacents). Il est naturel de définir sur une loi de composition composante par composante : le produit apparaissant dans le second membre étant calculé dans et le produit dans .
