Cost of electricity by sourceDifferent methods of electricity generation can incur a variety of different costs, which can be divided into three general categories: 1) wholesale costs, or all costs paid by utilities associated with acquiring and distributing electricity to consumers, 2) retail costs paid by consumers, and 3) external costs, or externalities, imposed on society. Wholesale costs include initial capital, operations & maintenance (O&M), transmission, and costs of decommissioning.
Wind gradientIn common usage, wind gradient, more specifically wind speed gradient or wind velocity gradient, or alternatively shear wind, is the vertical component of the gradient of the mean horizontal wind speed in the lower atmosphere. It is the rate of increase of wind strength with unit increase in height above ground level. In metric units, it is often measured in units of meters per second of speed, per kilometer of height (m/s/km), which reduces to the standard unit of shear rate, inverse seconds (s−1).
Option styleIn finance, the style or family of an option is the class into which the option falls, usually defined by the dates on which the option may be exercised. The vast majority of options are either European or American (style) options. These options—as well as others where the payoff is calculated similarly—are referred to as "vanilla options". Options where the payoff is calculated differently are categorized as "exotic options". Exotic options can pose challenging problems in valuation and hedging.
Unconventional wind turbinesUnconventional wind turbines are those that differ significantly from the most common types in use. the most common type of wind turbine is the three-bladed upwind horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT), where the turbine rotor is at the front of the nacelle and facing the wind upstream of its supporting turbine tower. A second major unit type is the vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT), with blades extending upwards, supported by a rotating framework.
Vent dominantright|thumb|400px|Carte mondiale des vents dominants à la surface terrestre. au nord du tropique du Cancer et au sud du tropique du Capricorne. Vents d'est (les alizés) sous les tropiques : dans l'hémisphère nord, dans l'hémisphère sud. vignette|redresse=1.3|Carte météorologique animée de l'Atlantique Nord. L'anticyclone des Açores (A) et la dépression d'Islande régissent les climats de l'Europe. En été, l'anticyclone étire une crête barométrique jusqu'à la Cornouaille, donnant des vents d'ouest.
Tropical cyclone forecast modelA tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast aspects of the future state of tropical cyclones. There are three types of models: statistical, dynamical, or combined statistical-dynamic. Dynamical models utilize powerful supercomputers with sophisticated mathematical modeling software and meteorological data to calculate future weather conditions. Statistical models forecast the evolution of a tropical cyclone in a simpler manner, by extrapolating from historical datasets, and thus can be run quickly on platforms such as personal computers.
Dynamique des fluidesLa dynamique des fluides (hydrodynamique ou aérodynamique), est l'étude des mouvements des fluides, qu'ils soient liquides ou gazeux. Elle fait partie de la mécanique des fluides avec l'hydrostatique (statique des fluides). La résolution d'un problème de dynamique des fluides demande de calculer diverses propriétés des fluides comme la vitesse, la viscosité, la densité, la pression et la température en tant que fonctions de l'espace et du temps.
Stratégie optionnelleEn finance, une stratégie optionnelle consiste à acheter et/ou vendre plusieurs options (calls et puts) et éventuellement de l'actif sous-jacent, dans le but de bénéficier des mouvements, ou de leur absence, anticipés du marché du sous-jacent ou de celui de la volatilité. Les possibilités n'ont comme limite que l'imagination des acteurs des marchés. Nous n'aborderons ici que les plus courantes à base d'options ordinaires (call et put).
Stockage de l'énergieLe stockage de l'énergie consiste à mettre en réserve une quantité d'énergie provenant d'une source pour une utilisation ultérieure. Il a toujours été utile et pratiqué, pour se prémunir d'une rupture d'un approvisionnement extérieur ou pour stabiliser à l'échelle quotidienne les réseaux électriques, mais il a pris une acuité supplémentaire depuis l'apparition de l'objectif de transition écologique.
Wide area synchronous gridA wide area synchronous grid (also called an "interconnection" in North America) is a three-phase electric power grid that has regional scale or greater that operates at a synchronized utility frequency and is electrically tied together during normal system conditions. Also known as synchronous zones, the most powerful is the Northern Chinese State Grid with 1,700 gigawatts (GW) of generation capacity, while the widest region served is that of the IPS/UPS system serving most countries of the former Soviet Union.
